Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T08:24:21.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in a Dental Clinic Environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Rogério Heládio Lopes Motta ,
Francisco Carlos Groppo ,
Cristiane de Cássia Bergamaschi ,
Juliana Cama Ramacciato ,
Sinvaldo Baglie  and
Thales Rocha de Mattos-Filho
Rogério Heládio Lopes Motta*
Affiliation:
Department of Physiological Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
Francisco Carlos Groppo
Affiliation:
Department of Physiological Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, Dentistry School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
Cristiane de Cássia Bergamaschi
Affiliation:
Department of Physiological Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, Dentistry School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
Juliana Cama Ramacciato
Affiliation:
Department of Physiological Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
Sinvaldo Baglie
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ponta Grossa University, Paraná, Brazil
Thales Rocha de Mattos-Filho
Affiliation:
Department of Physiological Sciences, Area of Pharmacology, Dentistry School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
*
Dept.t of Physiologic Sciences, Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira 901, Areião CEP 13.414-903, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective.

To determine the number of Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in a dental clinical environment and to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents commonly used in dentistry.

Setting.

Undergraduate clinic of the Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Brazil.

Methods.

Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect the samples from dental-chair push buttons, light handles, 3-in-l syringes, computer “Enter” keys, doorknobs, and X-ray tubes before, during, and after clinical procedures. These samples were spread on brain-heart infusion agar and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The resulting S. aureus isolates were counted and classified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. The counts among the 3 periods and the groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 5%). Commercial paper disks containing widely prescribed antimicrobial agents (β-lactams, macrolides, clindamycin, and vancomycin) were used to perform the antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

Results.

An increase in the number of microorganisms was observed during clinical procedures (P < .05). The highest bacterial resistance rates were observed for the β-lactam group. All isolated strains were sensitive to vancomycin, and 2% of them were resistant to methicillin.

Conclusions.

Clinical procedures increased the number and proportion of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus isolates dispersed in a dental clinical environment. The present study highlights the need to establish strategies to prevent emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains in dental settings.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , February 2007 , pp. 185 - 190
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Honma, K, Tawara, Y, Okuda, K. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in human saliva and on denture surfaces. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1994;35:217–220.Google Scholar
2.Getchell-White, SI, Donowitz, LG, Groschel, DH. The inanimate environment of an intensive care unit as a potential source of nosocomial bacteria: evidence for long survival of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1989;10:402–407.Google Scholar
3.Boyce, JM, Havill, NL, Kohan, C, Dumigan, DG, Ligi, CE. Do infection control measures work for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:395–401.Google Scholar
4.Duckworth, G, Cookson, B, Humphreys, H, Heathcock, R. Revised guidelines for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 1998;39:253–290.Google Scholar
5.Oie, S, Hosokawa, I, Kamiya, A. Contamination of room door handles by methicillin-sensitive/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2002;51:140–143.Google Scholar
6.Singh, D, Kaur, H, Gardner, WG, Treen, LB. Bacterial contamination of hospital pagers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:274–276.Google Scholar
7.Kohn, WG, Collins, AS, Cleveland, JL, et al. Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings—2003. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:33–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Koneman, EW, Allen, SD, Janda, WM, Schreckenberger, PC, Winn, WC Jr. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Company; 1997:1465.Google Scholar
9.Sneath, PHA. Endospore-forming gram-positive rods and cocci. In: Sneath, PHA, Mair, NS, Sharpe, E. Bergey's Manual Systematic Bacteriology. 1st ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins;1986:1104–1139.Google Scholar
10.National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 2002. Twelfth informational supplement M100-S12. Wayne, PA: NCCLS;2002:50–69.Google Scholar
11.John, M. Risk of bacterial transmission in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc 2000;66:550–552.Google Scholar
12.Rossi, T, Laine, J, Eerola, E, Kotilainen, P, Pettonen, R. Denture carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 1995;345:1577.Google Scholar
13.Smith, AJ, Jackson, MS, Bagg, J. The ecology of Staphylococcus species in the oral cavity. J Med Microbiol 2001;50:940–946.Google Scholar
14.Miyake, Y, Iwai, T, Sugai, M, Miura, K, Suginaka, H, Nagasaka, N. Incidence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from the tongues of children. Dent Res 1991;70:1045–1047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Suzuki, J, Komatsuzawa, H, Sugai, M, et al. A long-term survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the oral cavity of children. Microbiol Immunol 1997;41:681–686.Google Scholar
16.Kedjarune, U, Kukiattrakoon, B, Yapong, B, Chowanadisai, S, Leggat, P. Bacterial aerosols in the dental clinic: effect of position, time and type of treatment. Int Dent J 2000;50:103–107.Google Scholar
17.Legnani, P, Checchi, L, Pelliccioni, GA, D'Achille, C. Atmospheric contamination during dental procedures. Quintessence Int 1994;25:435–439.Google Scholar
18.Monarca, S, Grottolo, M, Renzi, D, et al. Evaluation of environmental bacterial contamination and procedures to control cross infection in a sample of Italian dental surgeries. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:721–726.Google Scholar
19.Kedjarune, U, Leggat, PA. Bacterial aerosols in the dental clinic: a review. Int Dent J 2001;51:39–44.Google Scholar
20.Al Maghlouth, A, Al Yousef, Y, Al Bagieh, N. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bacterial aerosols. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004;5:91–100.Google Scholar
21.Hackney, RW Jr, Crawford, JJ, Tulis, JJ. Using a biological indicator to detect potential source of cross-contamination in the dental operatory. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:1567–1577.Google Scholar
22.Bentley, CD, Burkhart, NW, Crawford, JJ. Evaluating spatter and aerosol contamination during dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc 1994;125:579–584.Google Scholar
23.Bradley, S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: long-term care concerns. Am J Med 1999;106:2S–10S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Mulligan, ME, Murray-Leisure, KA, Ribner, BS. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a consensus review of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology with implications for prevention and management. Am J Med 1993;94:313–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.McColl, E, Bagg, J, Winning, S. The detection of blood on dental surgery surfaces and equipment following dental hygiene treatment. Br Dent J 1994;176:65–67.Google Scholar
26.Vickery, K, Pajkos, A, Cossart, Y. Evaluation of the effectiveness of decontamination of dental syringes. Br Dent J 2000;189:620–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Puttaiah, R, Cottone, JA, Guildersleeve, J, Azmoudeh, A, Tenney, J. Rationale for using single-use disposable air/water syringe tips. Compend Con-tin Educ Dent 1999;20:1056-1058, 1060, 1063–1064.Google Scholar
28.Hartmann, B, Benson, M, Junger, A, et al. Computer keyboard and mouse as a reservoir of pathogens in an intensive care unit. J Clin Monit Comput 2004;18:7–12.Google Scholar
29.White, SC, Glaze, S. Interpatient microbiological cross-contamination after dental radiographic examination. J Am Dent Assoc 1978;96:801–804.Google Scholar
30.Autio, KL, Rosen, S, Reynolds, NJ, Bright, JS. Studies of cross-contamination in the dental clinic. J Am Dent Assoc 1980;100:358–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Handal, T, Olsen, I. Antimicrobial resistance with focus on oral beta-lactamases. Eur J Oral Sci 2000;108:163–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Frere, JM. Beta-lactamases and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Mol Microbiol 1995;16:385–395.Google Scholar
33.Slavkin, HC. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: a biological evolutionary drama. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128:108–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Horiba, N, Yoshida, T, Suzuki, K, et al. Isolation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in the dental operatory. J Endod 1995;21:21–25.Google Scholar
35.Mattos Filho, TR, Groppo, FC, Pacheco, ABND, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of air-dispersed microorganisms in dental settings. Gen Dent 2005;53:32–36.Google Scholar
36.Cesur, S, Cokca, F. Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among hospital staff and outpatients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:169–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Martin, MV, Hardy, P. Two cases of oral infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Br Dent J 1991;170:63–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.McCarthy, GM, Koval, JJ, Macdonald, JK. Compliance with recommended infection control procedures among Canadian dentists: results of a national survey. Am J Infect Control 1999;27:377–384.Google Scholar
39.McCarthy, GM, MacDonald, JK. Sociodemographic predictors of hand washing among dentists in Canada. J Dent Res 2000;79:569.Google Scholar
40.Aiello, AE, Cimiotti, J, Delia-Latta, P, Larson, EL. A comparison of the bacteria found on the hands of “homemakers” and neonatal intensive care unit nurses. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:310–315.Google Scholar
41.Kohn, WG, Collins, AS, Cleveland, JL, et al. Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings—2003. MMWR 2003;52:1–61.Google Scholar
42.McCarthy, GM, MacDonald, JK. Infection control practices of general dental practitioners. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:699–703.Google Scholar
43.Miller, CH, Cottone, JA. The basic principles of infectious diseases as related to dental practice. Dent Clin North Am 1993;37:1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Pallasch, TJ. Antibiotic resistance. Dent Clin North Am 2003;47:623–639.Google Scholar
45.ADA Council on Scientific Affairs. Combating antibiotic resistance. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:484–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar