Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-21T21:58:59.926Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2020

Abstract

Too often, identifying practices of silencing is a seemingly impossible exercise. Here I claim that attempting to give a conceptual reading of the epistemic violence present when silencing occurs can help distinguish the different ways members of oppressed groups are silenced with respect to testimony. I offer an account of epistemic violence as the failure, owing to pernicious ignorance, of hearers to meet the vulnerabilities of speakers in linguistic exchanges. Ultimately, I illustrate that by focusing on the ways in which hearers fail to meet speaker dependency in a linguistic exchange, efforts can be made to demarcate the different types of silencing people face when attempting to testify from oppressed positions in society.

Type
Epistemic Justice, Ignorance, and Procedural Objectivity
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alcoff, Linda. 2007. Epistemologies of ignorance: Three types. In Race and epistemologies of ignorance, ed. Sullivan, Shannon and Tuana, Nancy. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Aziz, Razia. 1992. Feminism and the challenge of racism: Deviance or difference? In Knowing women: Feminism and knowledge, ed. Crowley, H. and Himmelweit, S.Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, Alison. 2007. Strategic ignorance. In Race and epistemologies of ignorance, ed. Sullivan, Shannon and Tuana, Nancy. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Bergin, Lisa. 2002. Testimony, epistemic difference, and privilege. Social Epistemology 16 (3): 197213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Sue. 1994. Being dismissed: The politics of emotional expression. Hypatia 9 (3): 4665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carby, Hazel. 1982. White woman listen! Black feminism and the boundaries of sisterhood. In The empire strikes back: Race and racism in 70s Britain, ed. The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Code, Lorraine. 1993. Taking subjectivity into account. In Feminist epistemologies, ed. Alcoff, Linda and Potter, Elizabeth. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cooper, Anna Julia. 1998. The higher education of women. In The voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A Voice from the South and other important essays, papers, and letters, ed. Lemert, Charles and Bhan, Esme. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1991. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43:1241–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, Edward. 1999. Knowledge and the state of nature. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, Paul. 2000. The social character of testimonial knowledge. Journal of Philosophy 97 (11): 581601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, Paul. 2006. Understanding knowledge transmission. Ratio 19 (2): 156–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricker, Elizabeth. 1994. Against gullibility. In Knowing from words, ed. Matilal, Bimal Krishna and Chakrabarti, Arindam. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fricker, Elizabeth. 1995. Telling and trusting: Reduction and anti‐reductionism in the epistemology of testimony. Mind 104:373–83.Google Scholar
Fricker, Elizabeth. 2002. Trusting others in the sciences: A priori or empirical warrant? Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 33 (2): 373–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricker, Miranda. 2007. Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frye, Marilyn. 1983. The politics of reality: Essays in feminist theory. Freedom, Calif.: The Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Green, Joyce, ed. 2007. Making space for indigenous feminism. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Harvin, Cassandra Byers. 1996. Conversations I can't have. On the Issues: The Progressive Woman's Quarterly 5 (2): 1516.Google Scholar
Hill, Anita. 1997. Speaking truth to power. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Hine, Darlene Clark. 1989. Rape and the inner lives of black women in the midwest. Signs 14 (4): 912–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsby, Jennifer. 1994. Illocution and its significance. In Foundations of speech act theory, ed. Tsohatzidis, Savas L.New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hornsby, Jennifer. 1995. Disempowered speech. Philosophical Topics 23 (2): 127–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsby, Jennifer, and Langton, Rae. 1998. Free speech and illocution. Legal Theory 4:2137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, Daniel. 1995. Freedom of speech acts? A response to Langton. Philosophy and Public Affairs 24 (1): 6479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langton, Rae. 1993. Speech acts and unspeakable acts. Philosophy and Public Affairs 22 (4): 293330.Google Scholar
Langton, Rae. 1998. Subordination, silence, and pornography's authority. In Censorship and silencing: Practices of cultural regulation, ed. Post, R.Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities.Google Scholar
Lorde, Audre. 1984. Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Lugones, Maria. 2003. Pilgrimages/peregrinajes: Theorizing coalition against multiple oppressions. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Lugones, Maria, and Spelman, Elizabeth V. 1983. Have we got a theory for you! Feminist theory, cultural imperialism, and the demand for ‘the woman's voice.’ Women's Studies International Forum 6 (6): 573–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maitra, Ishani. 2004. Silence and responsibility. Philosophical Perspectives 18 (1): 189208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maitra, Ishani. 2009. Silencing speech. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 36 (2): 309–38.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1987. Three fragments from a sociologist's notebooks: Establishing the phenomenon, specified ignorance, and strategic materials. Annual Review of Sociology 13:128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Charles. 1999. The racial contract. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mills, Charles. 2007. White ignorance. In Race and epistemologies of ignorance, ed. Sullivan, Shannon and Tuana, Nancy. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 1984. Under western eyes: Feminist schlarship and colonial discourse. Boundary 2 12 (3): 333–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayan, Uma. 1997. Dislocating cultures: Identities, traditions, and third world feminism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nozick, Robert. 1981. Knowledge and skepticism. In Epistemology: An anthology, ed. Sosa, Ernes, Kim, Jaegwon, Fantl, Jeremy, and McGrath, Matthew. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Ortega, Mariana. 2006. Being lovingly, knowingly ignorant: White feminism and women of color. Hypatia 21 (3): 5674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyewumi, Oyeronke. 1997. The invention of women: Making an African sense of western gender discourses. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Pierce, C. 1995. Stress analogs of racism and sexism: Terrorism, torture, and disaster. In Mental health, racism and sexism, ed. Willie, C., Rieker, P., Kramer, B., and Brown, B.Pittsuburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Pierce, C., Carew, J., Pierce‐Gonzalez, D., and Willis, D. 1978. An experiment in racism: TV commercials. In Television and education, ed. Pierce, C.Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Proctor, Robert. 2008. Agnotology: A missing term to describe the cultural production of ignorance (and its study). In Agnotology: The making and unmaking of ignorance, ed. Proctor, Robert and Schiebinger, Londa. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Schacht, Thomas E. 2008. A broader view of racial microaggression in psychotherapy. American Psychologist 63 (4): 273–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solorzano, Daniel, and Bernal, Dolores Delgado. 2001. Examining transformational resistance through a critical race and latcrit theory framework: Chicana and Chicano students in an urban context. Urban Education 36 (3): 308–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solorzano, Daniel, Ceja, Miguel, and Yosso, Tara. 2000. Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education 69 (1/2): 6073.Google Scholar
Spivak, Gayatri. 1998. Can the subaltern speak? In Marxism and the interpretation of culture, ed. Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Sue, Derald Wing. 2010. Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.Google Scholar
Sue, Derald Wing, Bucceri, Jennifer M., Lin, Annie I., Nadal, Kevin L., and Torino, Gina C. 2009. Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Asian American Journal of Psychology S (1): 88101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sue, Derald Wing, Capodilupo, Chrstina M., and Holder, Aisha M.B. 2008. Racial microaggressions in the life experience of black Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 39 (3): 329–36.Google Scholar
Sue, Derald Wing, Capodilupo, Chrstina M., Torino, Gina C., Bucceri, Jennifer M., Holder, Aisha M.B., Nadal, Kevin L., and Esquilin, Marta. 2007. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clincal practice. American Psychologist 62 (4): 271–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townley, Cynthia. 2003. Trust and the curse of Cassandra (An exploration of the value of trust). Philosophy and the Contemporary World 10 (2): 105–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townley, Cynthia. 2006. Toward a revaluation of ignorance. Hypatia 21 (3): 3755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 2004. Coming to understand: Orgasm and the epistemology of ignorance. Hypatia 19 (1): 194232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 2006. The speculum of ignorance: The women's health movement and epistemologies of ignorance. Hypatia 21 (3): 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, E. Frances. 2001. Dark continent of our bodies: Black feminism and the politics of respectability. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Fannie Barrier. 1905. The colored girl. The Voice of the Negro 2 (6): 400–03.Google Scholar