Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T06:27:08.277Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Speaking into the Void”? Intersectionality Critiques and Epistemic Backlash

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

Abstract

Taking up Kimberlé Crenshaw's conclusion that black feminist theorists seem to continue to find themselves in many ways “speaking into the void” (Crenshaw 2011, 228), even as their works are widely celebrated, I examine intersectionality critiques as one site where power asymmetries and dominant imaginaries converge in the act of interpretation (or cooptation) of intersectionality. That is, despite its current “status,” intersectionality also faces epistemic intransigence in the ways in which it is read and applied. My aim is not to suggest that intersectionality cannot (or should not) be critiqued, nor do I maintain that celebratory applications/interpretations are immune from epistemic distortion when it comes to interpreting intersectionality. Rather, my goal is to demonstrate that critiques of intersectionality are one important site to examine hermeneutic marginalization and interpretive violence; the politics of citation; and the impact of dominant expectations or established social imaginaries on meaning‐making. In so doing, I aim to consider more fully how entrenched ways of thinking are frequently relied upon to interpret and critique intersectionality, even as these are often the very frameworks that intersectionality theorists have identified as highly problematic tools of misrepresentation, erasure, and violation. This slippage away from intersectionality's outlooks, whether in critical or laudatory contexts, is a pivotal site of epistemic negotiation we must examine more closely.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to thank Kristie Dotson and the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of this essay and for their thoughtful suggestions.

References

Alarcón, Norma. 1990. The theoretical subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo‐American feminism. In Making face, making soul/Haciendo caras: Creative and critical perspectives by feminists of color, ed. Anzaldúa, Gloria. San Francisco: Aunt Lute.Google Scholar
Alcoff, Linda Martín. 2012. Alien and alienated. In Reframing the practice of philosophy: Bodies of color, bodies of knowledge, ed. Yancy, George. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Anzaldúa, Gloria E. 1990a. Borderlands/La frontera. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Anzaldúa, Gloria E. 1990b. Haciendo caras, una entrada. In Making face, making soul/Haciendo caras: Creative and critical perspectives by feminists of color, ed. Anzaldúa, Gloria. San Francisco: Aunt Lute.Google Scholar
Babbitt, Susan E. 2001. Objectivity and the role of bias. In Engendering rationalities, ed. Tuana, Nancy and Morgen, Sandra. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Babbitt, Susan E. 2005. Stories from the south: A question of logic. Hypatia 20 (3): 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Frances. 1970. Double jeopardy: To be black and female. In The black woman, ed. Cade, Toni. New York: Mentor.Google Scholar
Bilge, Sirma. 2010. Beyond subordination vs. resistance: An intersectional approach to the agency of veiled Muslim women. Journal of Intercultural Studies 31 (1): 928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowleg, Lisa. 2008. When black + lesbian + woman ≠ black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles 59 (5–6): 312–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Sue. 1999. Dominant identities and settled expectations. In Racism and philosophy, ed. Babbitt, Susan E. and Campbell, Sue. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Carby, Hazel V. 1987. Reconstructing womanhood: The emergence of the Afro‐American woman novelist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Choo, Hae Yeon, and Ferree, Myra Marx. 2010. Practicing intersectionality in sociological research: A critical analysis of inclusions, interactions, and institutions in the study of inequalities. Sociological Theory 28 (2): 129–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christian, Barbara. 1990. The race for theory. In Making face, making soul/Haciendo caras: Creative and critical perspectives by feminists of color, ed. Anzaldúa, Gloria. San Francisco: Aunt Lute.Google Scholar
Code, Lorraine. 1995. Rhetorical spaces: Essays on gendered locations. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Code, Lorraine. 2006. Negotiating empiricism. In Ecological thinking: The politics of epistemic location. New York: Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Code, Lorraine. 2011. “They treated him well”: Fact, fiction, and the politics of knowledge. In Feminist epistemology and the philosophy of science, ed. Grasswick, Heidi E.New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill. 1990. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill. 1998. Fighting words: Black women and the search for justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Combahee River Collective Statement. 1983. In Home girls: A black feminist anthology, ed. Smith, Barbara. New York: Kitchen Table Press.Google Scholar
Conaghan, Joanne. 2009. Intersectionality and the feminist project in law. In Intersectionality and beyond: Law, power and the politics of location, ed. Grabham, Emily, Cooper, Davina, Krishnadas, Jane and Herman, Didi. London: Routledge‐Cavendish.Google Scholar
Cooper, Anna Julia. 1892/1988. A voice from the south by a black woman of the south. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Cooper, Anna Julia. 1998. The ethics of the Negro question. In The voice of Anna Julia Cooper, ed. Lemert, Charles and Lanham, Esme Bhan., Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1991. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 2000. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. In The black feminist reader, ed. James, Joy and Denean Sharpley‐Whiting, T.Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 2011. Postscript. In Framing intersectionality: Debates on a multi‐faceted concept in gender studies, ed. Lutz, Helma, Teresa Herrera Vivar, Maria and Supik, Linda. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Davies, Carole Boyce. 1994. Black women, writing, and identity: Migrations of the subject. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Davis, Angela Y. 2009. Feminist methods and contemporary quests for social justice. Lecture given at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, October 19.Google Scholar
Davis, Kathy. 2008. Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful. Feminist Theory 9 (1): 6785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dotson, Kristie. 2011. Tracking epistemic violence, tracking practices of silencing. Hypatia 26 (2): 236–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. 2008. The souls of black folk. Rockville, Md.: ARC Manor.Google Scholar
Fricker, Miranda. 2007. Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gedalof, Irene. 2012. Sameness and difference in government equality talk. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (2): 119.Google Scholar
Gillman, Laura. 2007. Beyond the shadow: Re‐scripting race in women's studies. Meridians 7 (2): 117–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimenez, Martha E. 2001. Marxism, and class, gender, and race: Rethinking the trilogy. Race, Gender and Class 8 (2): 2333.Google Scholar
Gordon, Lewis. 2000. Existentia Africana: Understanding African existential thought. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gunnarsson, Lena. 2011. A defense of the category “women”. Feminist Theory 12 (1): 2337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy‐Sheftall, Beverly. 1995. The evolution of feminist consciousness among African American women. In Words of fire: An anthology of African‐American feminist thought, ed. Guy‐Sheftall, Beverly. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange‐Marie. 2007. When multiplication doesn't equal quick addition: Examining intersectionality as a research paradigm. Perspectives on Politics 5 (1): 6379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. 2001. Resisting rationality. In Engendering rationalities, ed. Tuana, Nancy and Morgen, Sandra. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, Rosemary, and de Simone, Tracey. 2009. Identifying disadvantage: Beyond intersectionality. In Intersectionality and beyond: Law, power and the politics of location, ed. Grabham, Emily, Cooper, Davina, Krishnadas, Jane and Herman, Didi. London: Routledge‐Cavendish.Google Scholar
hooks, bell. 1990. Yearning: Race, gender, and cultural politics. Toronto: Between the Lines.Google Scholar
King, Deborah K. 1988. Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a black feminist ideology. Signs 14 (1): 88111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorde, Audre. 1984. Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Lugones, María. 1994. Purity, impurity, and separation. Signs 19 (2): 458–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lugones, María. 1996. Playfulness, “world”‐travelling, and loving perception. In Women, knowledge, reality: Explorations in feminist philosophy, ed. Garry, Ann and Pearsall, Marilyn. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lugones, María. 2005. From within germinative stasis: Creating active subjectivity, resistant agency. In Entremundos/Among worlds: New perspectives on Gloria Anzaldúa, ed. Keating, Analouise. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Lugones, María. 2006. On complex communication. Hypatia 21 (3): 7585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lugones, María. 2007. Heterosexualism and the colonial/modern gender system. Hypatia 22 (1): 186209.Google Scholar
Lugones, María. 2010. Toward a decolonial feminism. Hypatia 25 (4): 742–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, Vivian M. 2006. Trauma in paradise: Willful and strategic ignorance in Cereus Blooms at Night. Hypatia 21 (3): 108–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, Vivian M. 2007. Anna Julia Cooper, visionary black feminist: A critical introduction. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McDowell, Deborah. 1995. The changing same: Black women's literature, criticism, and theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mills, Charles W. 1997. The racial contract. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2003. Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayan, Uma. 1997. Dislocating cultures: Identities, traditions, and third world feminism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nash, Jennifer. 2008. Re‐thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review 89 (1): 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, Mariana. 2006. Being lovingly, knowingly ignorant: White feminism and women of color. Hypatia 21 (3): 5674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phoenix, Ann, and Pattynama, Pamela. 2006. Intersectionality. European Journal of Women's Studies 13 (3): 187–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pohlhaus, Gaile Jr. 2011. Relational knowing and epistemic injustice: Toward a theory of willful hermeneutical ignorance. Hypatia 27 (4): 715–35.Google Scholar
Prins, Baukje. 2006. Narrative accounts of origins: A blind spot in the intersectional approach? European Journal of Women's Studies 13 (3): 277–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rooney, Phyllis. 2011. The marginalization of feminist epistemology. In Feminist epistemology and the philosophy of science, ed. Grasswick, Heidi E.New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Sandoval, Chela. 2000. Methodology of the oppressed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Schutte, Ofelia. 2000. Cultural alterity: Cross‐cultural communication and feminist theory in north–south contexts. In Women of color and philosophy: A critical reader, ed. Zack, Naomi. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shields, Stephanie. 2008. Gender: An intersectionality perspective. Sex Roles 59 (5–6): 301–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Andrea. 2005. Spiritual appropriation as sexual violence. Wicazo Sa Review 20 (1): 97111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Valerie. 1994. Black feminist theory and the representation of the “other”. In The woman that I am: The literature and culture of contemporary women of color, ed. Soyini Madison, D.New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Spelman, Elizabeth V. 1988. Inessential woman: Problems of exclusion in feminist thought. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Staunæs, Dorthe. 2003. Where have all the subjects gone? Bringing together the concepts of intersectionality and subjectification. NORA 11 (2): 101–10.Google Scholar
Swan, Elaine. 2010. States of white ignorance and audit masculinity in English higher education. Social Politics 17 (4): 477506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truth, Sojourner. 1995. When woman gets her rights man will be right. In Words of fire: An anthology of African‐American feminist thought, ed. Guy‐Sheftall, Beverly. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Valentine, Gill. 2007. Theorizing and researching intersectionality: A challenge for feminist geography. Professional Geographer 59 (1): 1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, Kristin B. 2007. Some core themes of nineteenth century black feminism. In Black women's intellectual traditions: Speaking their minds, ed. Waters, Kristin B. and Conway, Carol B.Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Whitten, Barbara L. 2001. Standpoint epistemology in the natural sciences: The case of Michael Faraday. In Engendering rationalities, ed. Tuana, Nancy and Morgen, Sandra. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Wylie, Alison. 2011. What knowers know well: Women, work and the academy. In Feminist epistemology and the philosophy of science, ed. Grasswick, Heidi E.New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Yuval‐Davis, Nira. 2006. Intersectionality and feminist politics. European Journal of Women's Studies 13 (3): 193209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zack, Naomi. 2005. Inclusive feminism: A third wave theory of women's commonality. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Zambrana, Ruth, and Thornton Dill, Bonnie. 2009. Critical thinking about inequality: An emerging lens. In Emerging intersections: Race, class, and gender in theory, policy and practice, ed. Zambrana, Ruth and Thornton Dill, Bonnie. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar