Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T03:48:50.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Missing in Action: Violence, Power, and Discerning Agency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

Abstract

How can black feminist and women of color feminist theoretical interventions help create frameworks for discerning agentic action in the context of power, oppression, and violence? In this paper, I explore the social dimension of agency and argue that intention is not just authored by the agent as a function of practical reasoning, but is also socially authored through others' discernment and translation of her action. Further, when facilitated by reasoning designed to reinforce and rationalize systems of domination, social authoring systematically distorts the intentions of some agents. Although some theorists have argued that those agents whose intentions are not recognized by others are forced to exercise a diminished agency, I contend that this account obscures agency that is practiced despite or through conditions of oppression. As an alternative, I propose that feminist of color theory that examines the structural and existential erasures of women of color maps a conceptual space to help us better discern agentic action that is practiced by those subjects whose acts are defined away from them.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am grateful to the participants at the October 2010 gathering at the California Roundtable on Philosophy and Race; my advisors, Helen Longino and Debra Satz; the Hypatia anonymous reviewers; and my colleagues and friends, Jakeya Caruthers, Christoph Hanssmann, Xandra Ibarra, Mimi Kim, Nick Mitchell, and Emily Thuma, who provided generous encouragement and helpful feedback on earlier versions of this paper.

References

Agence France Press. 2005. Newswire. August 30, 3:47 am ET.Google Scholar
Alarcón, Norma. 1990. The theoretical subject(s) of This bridge called my back and Anglo‐American feminism. In Making face, making soul/haciendo caras: Creative and critical perspectives by feminists of color, ed. Anzaldúa, Gloria. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.Google Scholar
Associated Press. 2005. Newswire. August 20, 11:31 am ET.Google Scholar
Bierria, Alisa. 2012. “Where them bloggers at?”: Reflections on Rihanna, accountability, and survivor subjectivity. Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict, and World Order 37 (4): 101–25.Google Scholar
Bratman, Michael. 1987. Intention, plans, and practical reason. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cliff, Michelle. 1990. Object into subject: Some thoughts on the work of black women artists. In Making face, making soul/haciendo caras: Creative and critical perspectives by feminists of color, ed. Anzaldúa, Gloria. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.Google Scholar
Code, Lorraine. 2000. The perversion of autonomy and the subjection of women: Discourses of social advocacy at century's end. In Relational autonomy: Feminist perspectives on autonomy, agency, and the social self, ed. Mackenzie, Catriona and Stoljar, Natalie. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cook, Rhonda. 2010. 2 officers out of jobs in wake of repeated Tasering of woman. The Atlanta Journal Constitution, July 13. http://www.ajc.com/news/2-officers-out-of-568967.html (accessed July 13, 2010).Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1991. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Angela Y. 1971/1998. Political prisoners, prisons, and black liberation. In The Angela Y. Davis reader, ed. James, Joy. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Davis, Angela Y. 2003. Are prisons obsolete?. New York: Seven Stories Press.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903/1996. The souls of black folk. In The Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois reader, ed. Sundquist, Eric J.New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eberhardt, Jennifer L., Goff, Phillip Atiba, Purdie, Valerie J., and Davies, Paul G. 2004. Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (6): 876–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankfurt, Harry G. 1988. The importance of what we care about: Philosophical essays. Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Marilyn. 2000. Autonomy, social disruption, and women. In Relational autonomy: Feminist perspectives on autonomy, agency, and the social self, ed. Mackenzie, Catriona and Stoljar, Natalie. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. 2011. Constructing citizenship: Exclusion, subordination, and resistance (2010 Presidential Address). American Sociological Review 7 (1): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Lewis. 2000. Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana existential thought. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hartman, Saidiya. 1997. Scenes of subjection: Terror, slavery, and self‐making in nineteenth‐century America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Holston, James. 2009. Insurgent citizenship: Disjunctions of modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
INCITE! Women of Color against Violence. 2008. Law enforcement violence against women of color & trans people of color: A critical intersection of gender violence & state violence. http://www.incite-national.org/media/docs/3696_TOOLKIT-FINAL.pdf (accessed June 30, 2010).Google Scholar
Kafer, Alison. 2003. Compulsory bodies: Reflections on heterosexuality and able‐bodiedness. Journal of Women's History 15 (3): 7789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krause, Sharon. 2012. Freedom beyond sovereignty. Paper presented at Stanford Political Theory Workshop, March 9, Stanford, California. http://politicalscience.stanford.edu/workshops/political-theory-workshop/theory-workshop-sharon-krause (accessed March 15, 2012).Google Scholar
Lugones, María. 2003. Pilgrimages/peregrinajes: Theorizing coalition against multiple oppressions. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, Catriona, and Stoljar, Natalie (eds.). 2000. Relational autonomy: Feminist perspectives on autonomy, agency, and the social self. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, Ed. 2011. Mom jailed for records falsification. Ohio.com Akron Beacon Journal Online, January 21. http://www.ohio.com/news/mom-jailed-for-records-falsification-1.203753 (accessed February 1, 2013).Google Scholar
Meyers, Diana Tietjens. 1989. Self, society, and personal choice. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Richie, Beth E. 2012. Arrested justice: Black women, violence, and America's prison nation. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Dorothy. 1998. Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Rojas, Clarissa, Bierria, Alisa, and Kim, Mimi, eds. 2012. Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict, and World Order. Special Issue: Reimagining Community Accountability in Theory and Practice 37 (4).Google Scholar
Scales‐Trent, Judy. 1999. Oppression, lies, and the dream of autonomy. William and Mary Law Review 40 (3): 857–68.Google Scholar
Sexton, Jared. 2011. People‐of‐color blindness. Paper presented at University of California, Berkeley, October 13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNVMI3oiDaI (accessed January 10, 2013).Google Scholar
Sommers, Samuel R., Apfelbaum, Evan P., Dukes, Kristin N., Toosi, Negin, and Wang, Elsie J. 2006. Race and media coverage of Hurricane Katrina: Analysis, implications, and future research questions. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 6 (1): 3955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tadiar, Neferti. 2011. Paper presented at Critical Ethnic Studies and the Future of Genocide Conference, March 12, Riverside, CA. http://mainstream.ucr.edu/CESA_2011_Sat_AM.mov (accessed August 10, 2012).Google Scholar
Velleman, David. 1989. Practical reflection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wendell, Susan. 1989. Toward a feminist theory of disability. Hypatia 4 (2): 104–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Timothy. 2011. Jailed for switching her daughters' school district. The New York Times, September 26. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/us/jailed-for-switching-her-daughters-school-district.html (accessed February 1, 2013).Google Scholar
Williams‐Bolar, Kelley. 2012. Kelley Williams‐Bolar: I am a “criminal” because I wanted a good education for my girls. The Skanner, August 20. http://www.theskanner.com/article/Kelley-WilliamsBolar-I-am-a-Criminal-Because-I-Wanted-a-Good-Education-for-My-Daughters-2012-08-20 (accessed February 1, 2013).Google Scholar