Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T02:23:13.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Feminist Perspectives on Science

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2020

Barbara Imber  and
Nancy Tuana
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this issue of Hypatia there is a consensus that science is not value-neutral and that cultural/political concerns enter into the epistemology, methodology and conclusions of scientific theory and practice. In future dialogues the question that needs to be further addressed is the precise role political concerns should play in the formulation of a feminist theory and practice of science.

Type
Research Article
Information
Hypatia , Volume 3 , Issue 1: Special Issue: Feminism and Science, Part 2 , Spring 1988 , pp. 139 - 155
Copyright
Copyright © 1988 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography∗̊

Aldrich, Michele. 1978. Women in science. Signs 4 (1): 126–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alic, Margaret. 1986. Hypatia's heritage: A history of women in science from antiquity through the nineteenth century. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
American Association for the Advancement of Science 1976. The double bind: The price of being a minority woman in science. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Ames, Elinor. 1981. The status of women in Canadian psychology: A study of women in science. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):431–40.Google Scholar
Arnold, Lois Barber 1984. Four lives in science: Women's education in the nineteenth century. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Blackstone, Tessa and Weinreich‐Haste, Helen 1980. Why are there so few women scientists and engineers? New Society 51:385–85.Google Scholar
Bluemel, Elinor. 1959. Florence Sabin: Colorado woman of the century. Boulder: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar
Briscoe, Anne 1981. Diary of a mad feminist chemist. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4420–30.Google Scholar
Briscoe, Anne M. and Pfafflin, Sheila M., eds. 1979. Expanding the role of women in the sciences. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Brooks, Paul 1972. The house of life: Rachel Carson at work. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Bunting, Mary. 1965. Women and the science professions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chepelinsky, Ana Berta, et. al 1980. Women in chemistry. In Science and Liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 257–266. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Cole, Jonathan. 1979. Fair science: Women in the scientific community. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Curran, Libby. 1980. Science education: Did she drop out or was she pushed? In Alice through the microscope: The power of science over women's lives, ed. Women, Brighton and Group, Science, 22–41. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Frieze, Irene Hanson 1978. Psychological barriers for women in sciences: Internal and external. In Covert discrimination and women in the sciences, ed. Ramaley, Judith, 65–95. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Gleasner, Diana C 1984. Breakthrough: Women in science. New York: Walker and Company.Google Scholar
Goodfield, June. 1981. An imagined world: A story of scientific discovery. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Gornick, Vivian 1983. Women in science: Portraits from a world in transition. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Haas, Violet B. and Perrucci, Carolyn C., eds. 1984. Women in scientific and engineering professions. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Haber, Lois. 1979. Women pioneers of science. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alice. 1972. Exploring the dangerous trades: The autobiography of Alice Hamilton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Harrison, Michelle M.D. 1983. A woman in residence. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Hinton, Kate. 1976. Women and science: Science in a social context. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hoobler, Icie Gertrude Macy 1982. Boundless horizons: Portrait of a pioneer woman scientist. Pompano Beach, FL: Exposition Press.Google Scholar
Kahle, Jane Butler 1982. Double dilemma: Minorities and women in science education. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1977. The anomaly of a woman in physics. In Working it out: 23 women writers, artists, scientists, and scholars talk about their lives and work, ed. Ruddick, Sara and Daniels, Pamela New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983. A feeling for the organism: The life and times of Barbara McClintock. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Kistiakowsky, Vera. 1980. Women in physics: Unnecessary, injurious, and out of place. Physics Today 33 (2):32–40.10.1063/1.2913937CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory 1978. In from the periphery: American women in science, 1830–1880. Signs 4 (1):81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Land, Barbara. 1981. The new explorers: Women in Antarctica. New York: Dodd and Mead.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, Kathleen. 1970. Women in science: Reminiscences and reflections. Impact of Science on Society, 20 (1):45–59.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, EstherPohl, M.D.N.DWomen physicians and surgeons: National and international organizations. New York: Livingston Press.Google Scholar
Malcom, Shirley Mahaley, Hall, Paula Quick and Brown, Janet Welsh 1975. The double bind: The price of being a minority woman in science. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar
Martin, Ben and John, Irvine 1982. Women in science: The astronomical brain drain. Women's Studies International Forum 5 (1):41–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mary Ingraham Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College 1980. Choices for science: Proceedings of symposium. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Mead, Margaret. 1972. Blackberry winter: My earlier years. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Menninger, Sally Ann and Clare, Rose 1980. Women scientists and engineers in American academia. Signs 3 (3):292–99.Google Scholar
Meuron‐Landolt, Moniquede 1975. How a woman scientist deals professionally with men. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2): 147–52.Google Scholar
Moore, Emily C 1980. Woman and health: United States 1980. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google ScholarPubMed
Morantz‐Sanchez, and Regina, Markell 1985. Sympathy and science: Women physicians in American medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, Angela Corigliano 1980. Ladies in the lab. In Science and liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 247–256. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Noble, Lois. 1979. Contemporary women scientists of America. New York: Messner.Google Scholar
Patterson, Elizabeth Chambers 1983. Mary Somerville and the cultivation of science, 1815–1840. Boston: Nijhoff.10.1007/978-94-009-6839-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramaley, Judith A., ed. 1978. Covert discrimination and women in the sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Roark, Anne. 1980. Women in science: Unequal pay, unsold ideas, and sometimes unhappy marriages. Chronicle of Higher Education 20:3–4.Google Scholar
Rossi, Alice S 1965. Women in science: Why so few? Science 148 (3674): 1196–201.10.1126/science.148.3674.1196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossiter, Margaret 1982. Women scientists in America: Struggles and strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ruddick, Sara and Daniels, Pamela, eds. 1977. Working it out: 23 women writers, artists, scientists, and scholars talk about their lives and work. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Sayre, Anne 1975. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Scott, Joan Pinner 1981. Science subject choice and achievement of females in Canadian high schools. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):348–61.Google Scholar
Shapley, Deborah. 1975. Obstacles to women in science. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2):115–23.Google Scholar
Sheinin, Rose. 1981. The rearing of women for science, engineering, technology. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):339–47.Google Scholar
Smith, Elske. 1978. The individual and the institution. In Covert discrimination and women in the sciences, ed. Ramaley, Judith, 7–35. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Special, Issue 1978. Women, Science. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4 (1).Google Scholar
Carolyn, Spieler, ed. 1977. Women in medicine—1976: Report of a Macy conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
Stark‐Adamec, Cannie 1981. Practical tips for coping with the problems of being a 17 career person. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):441–56.Google Scholar
Tereshkova‐Nikolayeva, Valentina 1970. Women in space. Impact of Science on Society 20 (1):5–12.Google Scholar
Vetter, Betty. 1976. Women in the natural sciences. Signs 1 (3, Part 1):713–20.10.1086/493251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Mary Roth 1977. Doctors wanted: No women need apply. Sexual barriers in the medical profession, 1835–1975. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Weisstein, Naomi. 1979. Adventures of a woman in science. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruth et al, 187–203. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
White, Martha. 1970. Psychological and social barriers to women in science. Science 170 (3956):413–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yost, Edna. 1984. Women of modem science. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective 1977. Biology as a social weapon. Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Barker‐Benfield, G.S. 1978. Horrors of the half‐known life: Male attitudes toward women and sexuality in 19th century America. New York: Harper Colophon.Google Scholar
Bart, Pauline. 1977. Biological determinism and sexism: Is it all in the ovaries? In Biology as a social weapon, ed. Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, 69–83. Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Birke, Lynda. 1980. From zero to infinity: Scientific views of lesbians. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 108–123. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Birke, Lynda and Sandy, Best 1980. The tyrannical womb: Menstruation and menopause. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 89–107. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Black, Datha Clapper 1979. Displaced: The midwife by the male physician. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 83–101. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Bleier, Ruth. 1976. Myths of the biological inferiority of women: An exploration of the sociology of biological research. University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 2 (2):39–63.Google Scholar
∗ Boston Women's Health Book Collective. 1984. The new our bodies, ourselves: A book by and for women. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Women, Brighton and Science, Group 1980. Alice through the microscope: The power of science over women's lives. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Cole, Jonathan. 1980. Meritocracy and marginality: Women in science today and tomorrow. In Choices for science, 4–26. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Conrad, Peter, Kern, Rochelle and Schneider, Joseph W. 1980. Deviance and medicalization: From badness to sickness. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co.Google Scholar
Conway, Jill 1970. Stereotypes of femininity in a theory of evolution. Victorian Studies 14 (1):47–62.Google Scholar
Corea, Gena. 1977. The hidden malpractice: How American medicine treats women as patients and professionals. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Couture‐Cherki, Monique 1980. Women in physics. In Ideology of/in the natural sciences, ed. Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven, 206–216. Boston: G.K. Hall.Google Scholar
Culpepper, Emily. 1979. Exploring menstrual attitudes. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 135–160. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Claudia, Dreifus, ed. 1977. Seizing our bodies: The politics of women's health. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
D'Onofrio‐Flores, Pamela and Sheila, Pfafflin 1982. Scientific‐technological change and the role of women in development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Druss, Vicki and Henifin, Mary Sue 1979. Why are so many anorexics women? In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 126–133. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1972. Witches, midwives, and nurses: A history of women healers. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1974. Complaints and disorders: The sexual politics of sickness. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1978. For her own good: 150 years of the experts' advice to women. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Falkner, Wendy. 1980. The obsessive orgasm: Science, sex and female sexuality. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 139–162. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1973. The sexual politics of Victorian social anthropology. Feminist Studies 1 (3–4):23–39.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1976. Science and the woman problem: Historical perspectives. In Sex differences: Social and biological perspectives, ed. Tietelbaum, Michael, 175–223. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth 1980. Nineteenth century craniology: The study of the female skull. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53:415–33.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth 1983. Women and health: The politics of sex in medicine. New York: Baywood Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Feldman, Jacqueline. 1975. The savant and the midwife. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2): 125–35.Google Scholar
Fisher, Elizabeth. 1979. Woman's creation: Sexual evolution and the shaping of society. New York: McGraw‐Hill.Google Scholar
Fried, Barbara. 1979. Boys will be boys will be boys: The language of sex and gender. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 37–59. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1978. Women's brains. New Scientist 80 (1127):364–66.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1981. The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1984. Review of Ruth Bleier's Science and gender. New York Times Book Review August 12, 7.Google Scholar
Grossman, Marlyn and Pauline, Bart 1979. Taking the men out of menopause. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 163–84. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hall, Diana Long 1973. Biology, sex hormones and sexism in the 1920s. The Philosophical Forum 5 (1‐2):81–96.Google Scholar
Hall, Diana Long 1979. Academics, bluestockings, and biologists: Women at the university of Chicago, 1892–1932. In Expanding the role of women in the sciences, ed Briscoe, Anne and Pfafflin, Sheila, 300–320. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1985. A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review 80:65–108.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1983a. The contest for primate nature: Daughters of man the hunter in the field, 1960–1980. In Future of American democracy, ed. Kann, Mark, 175–208. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1983b. Signs of dominance: From a physiology to a cybernetics of primate society. Studies in the History of Biology 6:129–219.Google Scholar
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. 1981. The woman that never evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth. 1982. Have only men evolved? In Biological woman—The convenient myth, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 7–35. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth, Henifin, Mary Sue and Fried, Barbara, eds.1982. Biological woman—The convenient myth. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth, Henifin, Mary Sue and Fried, Barbara, eds.1979. Women looking at biology looking at women: A collection of feminist critiques. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth and Lowe, M., eds. 1979. Genes and gender II: Pitfalls in research on sex and gender. Staten Island, NY: Gordian Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, Rhonda. 1980. Status of women in the physical sciences. In Choices for science, 27–32. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting.Google Scholar
Jacoby, Robin Miller 1977. Science and sex roles in the Victorian era. In Biology as a social weapon, Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, 58–68. Ann Arbor, MI: Burgess.Google Scholar
Jason‐Smith, Diedre 1980. Sociobiology: So what? In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 62–68. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1974. Women in science: A social analysis. Harvard Magazine October: 14–19.Google Scholar
Kimball, Meredith. 1981. Women and science: A critique of biological theories. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):318–38.Google Scholar
Leacock, Eleanor. 1983. Ideologies of male dominance as divide and rule politics: An anthropologist's view. In Woman's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 111–121. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Leiboweitz, Lila. 1978. Females, males, and families: A biosocial approach. London: Duxbury Press.Google Scholar
Leiboweitz, Lila. 1983. Origins of the sexual division of labor. In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 123–147. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Lowe, Marian 1983. The dialectic of biology and culture. In Woman's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 39–62. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, ed. 1983. Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Maccoby, Eleanor. 1970. Feminine intellect and the demands of science. Impact of Science on Society 20 (1):13.Google Scholar
Magner, Lois. 1978. Women and the scientific idiom: Textual episodes from Wollstonecraft, Fuller, Gilman, and Firestone. Signs 4 (1):61–80.10.1086/493569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, , Kay, M. and Barbara, Voorhies 1975. Female of the species. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merchant, Carolyn. 1980. The death of nature: Women, ecology, and the scientific revolution. San Francisco: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Messing, Karen. 1983. The scientific mystique: Can a white lab coat quarantee purity in the search for knowledge about the nature of women? In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 75–88. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Elaine. 1972. The descent of woman. New York: Stein and Day.Google Scholar
Quinn, Naomi. 1977. Anthropological studies on women's status. Annual Review of Anthropology 6:181–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, Evelyn. 1978. Sexism and science. New York: Pathfinder Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, L.J. 1983. Hormonal theories for sex differences: Politics disguised as science. Sex Roles 9:1109–14.10.1007/BF00289919CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruzek, Sheryl Burt 1978. The women's health movement: Feminist alternatives to medical control. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Sayers, Janet. 1980. Psychological sex differences. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 42–61. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Sayers, Janet 1982. Biological politics: Feminist and anti‐feminist perspectives. New York: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Scully, Diana. 1980. Men who controi women's health: The mis‐education of obstetrician‐gynecologists. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Seaman, Barbara and Seaman, M.D. Gideon 1977. Women and the crisis in sex hormones. New York: Rawson Associates Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Shields, Stephanie. 1978. Sex and the biased science. New Scientist 80 (1132):752–54.Google Scholar
Shields, Stephanie. 1982. The variability hypothesis: The history of a biological model of sex differences in intelligence. Signs 7 (4): 769–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spanier, Bonnie. 1980. Critical filters in science careers. In Choices for science 33–41. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Star, Susan Leigh 1979. The politics of right and left: Sex differences in hemispheric brain asymmetry. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 61–74. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Tobach, Ethel and Betty, Rosoff 1978. Genes and gender I: On hereditarianism and women. New York: Gordian Press.Google Scholar
Walberg, Herbert J 1969. Physics, femininity, and creativity. Developmental Psychology 1 (1):47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Mary Roth 1979. The quirls of a woman's brain. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 103–125. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Wertz, Dorothy and Richard, Wertz 1977. Lying‐in: A history of childbirth in America. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Addelson, Kathryn Pyne 1983. The man of professional wisdom. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 165–186. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Arditti, Rita. 1980. Feminism and science. In Science and liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 350–368. Boston: MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Arditti, Rita, Brennan, Pat and Cavrak, Steve, eds. 1980. Science and liberation. Boston, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, Ruth 1984. Science and gender: A critique of biology and its theories on women. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, Ruth, ed. 1986. Feminist approaches to science. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bonner, Jill. 1980. The cult of objectivity in the physical sciences. In Choices for science, 52–57. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Easlea, Brian. 1981. Science and sexual oppression: Patriarchy's confrontation with woman and nature. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Fausto‐Sterling, Anne 1981. Women and science. Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (4):41–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1981a. Is feminism a threat to objectivity? International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):378–92.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1981b. Is there a feminist science? Science and Nature 4:46–57.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1983. Women's nature and scientific objectivity. In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 9–27. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Fowlkes, Diane L. and McClure, Charlotte S., eds. 1984. Feminist visions toward a transformation of the liberal arts curriculum. Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, Madeleine J and Goodman, Lenn Evan 1981. Is there a feminist biology? International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):393–413.Google Scholar
Griffin, Susan 1978. Woman and nature: The roaring inside her. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1978. Animal sociology and a natural economy of the body politic. Signs 4 (1):21–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, Susan 1981. In the beginning was the word: The genesis of biological theory. Signs 6 (3):469–81.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra 1981. The norms of social inquiry and masculine experience. PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 305–324. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra 1982. Is gender a variable in conceptions of rationality? Dialectica 36 (2–3):225–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Sandra 1986. The science question in feminism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra and O'Barr, Jean, eds. 1987. Sex and scientific inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill B., eds.1983. Discovering reality: Feminist perspectives on epistemology, metaphysics, methodology, and philosophy of science. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Hartsock, Nancy. 1981. Social life and social science: The significance of the naturalist intentionalist dispute. In PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 325–345. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar
Hein, Hilde. 1981. Women and science: Fitting men to think about nature. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):369–77.Google Scholar
Irigaray, Luce. 1985. Speculum of the other woman. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1980a. Feminist critique of science: A forward or backward move? Fundamenta Scientiae 1:341–49.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1980b. Baconian science: A hermaphroditic birth. The Philosophical Forum 11 (3):299–308.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1981. Women and science: Two cultures or one. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):362–68.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1982. Feminism and science. Signs 7 (3):589–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983a. Feminism as an analytic tool for the study of science. Academe 69 (5):15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983b. Gender and science. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 187–205. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on gender and science. New York: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Koertge, Noretta 1981. Methodology, ideology and feminist critiques of science. In PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 346–359. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar
Longino, Helen. 1981 (Fall). Scientific objectivity and feminist theorizing. Liberal Education 67.Google Scholar
Longino, Helen. 1983a. Beyond bad science: Skeptical reflections on the value‐freedom of scientific inquiry. Science, Technology and Human Values 8:7–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, Helen. 1983b (March). Scientific objectivity and the logics of science. Inquiry.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, Helen and Doell, Ruth. 1983. Body, bias, and behavior: A comparative analysis of reasoning in two areas of biological science. Signs 9 (2):206–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, Marian. 1981. Cooperation and competition in science. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):362–68.Google Scholar
Mouton, Janice. 1983. A paradigm of philosoophy: The adversary method. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 149–164. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Purdy, Laura M 1986. Nature and nurture: A false dichotomy. Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 1 (1): 167–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Hilary 1983. Hand, brain, and heart: A feminist epistemology for the natural sciences. Signs 9 (1):73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1982. Androgyny and sociobiology. International Journal of Women's Studies 5 (5):435–444.Google Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1984. A call for feminist science. International Journal of Women's Studies 7 (1):3–9.Google Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1985. Introductory biology: Approaches to feminist transformations in course content and teaching practice. Journal of Thought 20 (3):205–17.Google Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1986. Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Stehelin, Liliane. 1980. Sciences, women and ideology. In Ideology of/in the natural sciences, ed. Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven, 217–230. Boston: G.K. Hall.Google Scholar
Tosi, Lucia. 1975. Women's scientific creativity. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2):105–14.Google Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 1983. Re‐fusing nature/nurture. Hypatia 3, published as a Special Issue of Women's Studies International Forum 6 (6):621–32.Google Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 1985. Re‐presenting the world: Feminism and the natural sciences. Frontiers 8 (3):73–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 1986. A Response to Purdy. Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 1 (1): 175–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallsgrove, Ruth. 1980. The masculine face of science. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 228–240. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Whitbeck, Caroline. 1984. A different reality: Feminist ontology. In Beyond domination, ed. Gould, Carol, 64–88. New York: Rowman and Allanheld.Google Scholar
Woodhull, Ann, Lowry, Nancy and Henifin, Mary Sue 1985. Teaching for change: Feminism and the sciences. Journal of Thought 20 (3): 162–73.Google Scholar
Aldrich, Michele. 1978. Women in science. Signs 4 (1): 126–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alic, Margaret. 1986. Hypatia's heritage: A history of women in science from antiquity through the nineteenth century. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
American Association for the Advancement of Science 1976. The double bind: The price of being a minority woman in science. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Ames, Elinor. 1981. The status of women in Canadian psychology: A study of women in science. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):431–40.Google Scholar
Arnold, Lois Barber 1984. Four lives in science: Women's education in the nineteenth century. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Blackstone, Tessa and Weinreich‐Haste, Helen 1980. Why are there so few women scientists and engineers? New Society 51:385–85.Google Scholar
Bluemel, Elinor. 1959. Florence Sabin: Colorado woman of the century. Boulder: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar
Briscoe, Anne 1981. Diary of a mad feminist chemist. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4420–30.Google Scholar
Briscoe, Anne M. and Pfafflin, Sheila M., eds. 1979. Expanding the role of women in the sciences. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Brooks, Paul 1972. The house of life: Rachel Carson at work. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Bunting, Mary. 1965. Women and the science professions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chepelinsky, Ana Berta, et. al 1980. Women in chemistry. In Science and Liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 257–266. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Cole, Jonathan. 1979. Fair science: Women in the scientific community. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Curran, Libby. 1980. Science education: Did she drop out or was she pushed? In Alice through the microscope: The power of science over women's lives, ed. Women, Brighton and Group, Science, 22–41. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Frieze, Irene Hanson 1978. Psychological barriers for women in sciences: Internal and external. In Covert discrimination and women in the sciences, ed. Ramaley, Judith, 65–95. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Gleasner, Diana C 1984. Breakthrough: Women in science. New York: Walker and Company.Google Scholar
Goodfield, June. 1981. An imagined world: A story of scientific discovery. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Gornick, Vivian 1983. Women in science: Portraits from a world in transition. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Haas, Violet B. and Perrucci, Carolyn C., eds. 1984. Women in scientific and engineering professions. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Haber, Lois. 1979. Women pioneers of science. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alice. 1972. Exploring the dangerous trades: The autobiography of Alice Hamilton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Harrison, Michelle M.D. 1983. A woman in residence. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Hinton, Kate. 1976. Women and science: Science in a social context. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hoobler, Icie Gertrude Macy 1982. Boundless horizons: Portrait of a pioneer woman scientist. Pompano Beach, FL: Exposition Press.Google Scholar
Kahle, Jane Butler 1982. Double dilemma: Minorities and women in science education. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1977. The anomaly of a woman in physics. In Working it out: 23 women writers, artists, scientists, and scholars talk about their lives and work, ed. Ruddick, Sara and Daniels, Pamela New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983. A feeling for the organism: The life and times of Barbara McClintock. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Kistiakowsky, Vera. 1980. Women in physics: Unnecessary, injurious, and out of place. Physics Today 33 (2):32–40.10.1063/1.2913937CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory 1978. In from the periphery: American women in science, 1830–1880. Signs 4 (1):81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Land, Barbara. 1981. The new explorers: Women in Antarctica. New York: Dodd and Mead.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, Kathleen. 1970. Women in science: Reminiscences and reflections. Impact of Science on Society, 20 (1):45–59.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, EstherPohl, M.D.N.DWomen physicians and surgeons: National and international organizations. New York: Livingston Press.Google Scholar
Malcom, Shirley Mahaley, Hall, Paula Quick and Brown, Janet Welsh 1975. The double bind: The price of being a minority woman in science. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar
Martin, Ben and John, Irvine 1982. Women in science: The astronomical brain drain. Women's Studies International Forum 5 (1):41–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mary Ingraham Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College 1980. Choices for science: Proceedings of symposium. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Mead, Margaret. 1972. Blackberry winter: My earlier years. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Menninger, Sally Ann and Clare, Rose 1980. Women scientists and engineers in American academia. Signs 3 (3):292–99.Google Scholar
Meuron‐Landolt, Moniquede 1975. How a woman scientist deals professionally with men. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2): 147–52.Google Scholar
Moore, Emily C 1980. Woman and health: United States 1980. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google ScholarPubMed
Morantz‐Sanchez, and Regina, Markell 1985. Sympathy and science: Women physicians in American medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, Angela Corigliano 1980. Ladies in the lab. In Science and liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 247–256. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Noble, Lois. 1979. Contemporary women scientists of America. New York: Messner.Google Scholar
Patterson, Elizabeth Chambers 1983. Mary Somerville and the cultivation of science, 1815–1840. Boston: Nijhoff.10.1007/978-94-009-6839-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramaley, Judith A., ed. 1978. Covert discrimination and women in the sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Roark, Anne. 1980. Women in science: Unequal pay, unsold ideas, and sometimes unhappy marriages. Chronicle of Higher Education 20:3–4.Google Scholar
Rossi, Alice S 1965. Women in science: Why so few? Science 148 (3674): 1196–201.10.1126/science.148.3674.1196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossiter, Margaret 1982. Women scientists in America: Struggles and strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ruddick, Sara and Daniels, Pamela, eds. 1977. Working it out: 23 women writers, artists, scientists, and scholars talk about their lives and work. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Sayre, Anne 1975. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Scott, Joan Pinner 1981. Science subject choice and achievement of females in Canadian high schools. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):348–61.Google Scholar
Shapley, Deborah. 1975. Obstacles to women in science. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2):115–23.Google Scholar
Sheinin, Rose. 1981. The rearing of women for science, engineering, technology. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):339–47.Google Scholar
Smith, Elske. 1978. The individual and the institution. In Covert discrimination and women in the sciences, ed. Ramaley, Judith, 7–35. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Special, Issue 1978. Women, Science. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4 (1).Google Scholar
Carolyn, Spieler, ed. 1977. Women in medicine—1976: Report of a Macy conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
Stark‐Adamec, Cannie 1981. Practical tips for coping with the problems of being a 17 career person. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):441–56.Google Scholar
Tereshkova‐Nikolayeva, Valentina 1970. Women in space. Impact of Science on Society 20 (1):5–12.Google Scholar
Vetter, Betty. 1976. Women in the natural sciences. Signs 1 (3, Part 1):713–20.10.1086/493251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Mary Roth 1977. Doctors wanted: No women need apply. Sexual barriers in the medical profession, 1835–1975. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Weisstein, Naomi. 1979. Adventures of a woman in science. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruth et al, 187–203. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
White, Martha. 1970. Psychological and social barriers to women in science. Science 170 (3956):413–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yost, Edna. 1984. Women of modem science. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective 1977. Biology as a social weapon. Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Barker‐Benfield, G.S. 1978. Horrors of the half‐known life: Male attitudes toward women and sexuality in 19th century America. New York: Harper Colophon.Google Scholar
Bart, Pauline. 1977. Biological determinism and sexism: Is it all in the ovaries? In Biology as a social weapon, ed. Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, 69–83. Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Birke, Lynda. 1980. From zero to infinity: Scientific views of lesbians. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 108–123. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Birke, Lynda and Sandy, Best 1980. The tyrannical womb: Menstruation and menopause. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 89–107. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Black, Datha Clapper 1979. Displaced: The midwife by the male physician. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 83–101. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Bleier, Ruth. 1976. Myths of the biological inferiority of women: An exploration of the sociology of biological research. University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 2 (2):39–63.Google Scholar
∗ Boston Women's Health Book Collective. 1984. The new our bodies, ourselves: A book by and for women. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Women, Brighton and Science, Group 1980. Alice through the microscope: The power of science over women's lives. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Cole, Jonathan. 1980. Meritocracy and marginality: Women in science today and tomorrow. In Choices for science, 4–26. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Conrad, Peter, Kern, Rochelle and Schneider, Joseph W. 1980. Deviance and medicalization: From badness to sickness. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co.Google Scholar
Conway, Jill 1970. Stereotypes of femininity in a theory of evolution. Victorian Studies 14 (1):47–62.Google Scholar
Corea, Gena. 1977. The hidden malpractice: How American medicine treats women as patients and professionals. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Couture‐Cherki, Monique 1980. Women in physics. In Ideology of/in the natural sciences, ed. Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven, 206–216. Boston: G.K. Hall.Google Scholar
Culpepper, Emily. 1979. Exploring menstrual attitudes. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 135–160. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Claudia, Dreifus, ed. 1977. Seizing our bodies: The politics of women's health. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
D'Onofrio‐Flores, Pamela and Sheila, Pfafflin 1982. Scientific‐technological change and the role of women in development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Druss, Vicki and Henifin, Mary Sue 1979. Why are so many anorexics women? In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 126–133. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1972. Witches, midwives, and nurses: A history of women healers. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1974. Complaints and disorders: The sexual politics of sickness. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1978. For her own good: 150 years of the experts' advice to women. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Falkner, Wendy. 1980. The obsessive orgasm: Science, sex and female sexuality. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 139–162. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1973. The sexual politics of Victorian social anthropology. Feminist Studies 1 (3–4):23–39.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1976. Science and the woman problem: Historical perspectives. In Sex differences: Social and biological perspectives, ed. Tietelbaum, Michael, 175–223. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth 1980. Nineteenth century craniology: The study of the female skull. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53:415–33.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth 1983. Women and health: The politics of sex in medicine. New York: Baywood Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Feldman, Jacqueline. 1975. The savant and the midwife. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2): 125–35.Google Scholar
Fisher, Elizabeth. 1979. Woman's creation: Sexual evolution and the shaping of society. New York: McGraw‐Hill.Google Scholar
Fried, Barbara. 1979. Boys will be boys will be boys: The language of sex and gender. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 37–59. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1978. Women's brains. New Scientist 80 (1127):364–66.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1981. The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1984. Review of Ruth Bleier's Science and gender. New York Times Book Review August 12, 7.Google Scholar
Grossman, Marlyn and Pauline, Bart 1979. Taking the men out of menopause. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 163–84. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hall, Diana Long 1973. Biology, sex hormones and sexism in the 1920s. The Philosophical Forum 5 (1‐2):81–96.Google Scholar
Hall, Diana Long 1979. Academics, bluestockings, and biologists: Women at the university of Chicago, 1892–1932. In Expanding the role of women in the sciences, ed Briscoe, Anne and Pfafflin, Sheila, 300–320. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1985. A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review 80:65–108.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1983a. The contest for primate nature: Daughters of man the hunter in the field, 1960–1980. In Future of American democracy, ed. Kann, Mark, 175–208. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1983b. Signs of dominance: From a physiology to a cybernetics of primate society. Studies in the History of Biology 6:129–219.Google Scholar
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. 1981. The woman that never evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth. 1982. Have only men evolved? In Biological woman—The convenient myth, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 7–35. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth, Henifin, Mary Sue and Fried, Barbara, eds.1982. Biological woman—The convenient myth. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth, Henifin, Mary Sue and Fried, Barbara, eds.1979. Women looking at biology looking at women: A collection of feminist critiques. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Ruth and Lowe, M., eds. 1979. Genes and gender II: Pitfalls in research on sex and gender. Staten Island, NY: Gordian Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, Rhonda. 1980. Status of women in the physical sciences. In Choices for science, 27–32. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting.Google Scholar
Jacoby, Robin Miller 1977. Science and sex roles in the Victorian era. In Biology as a social weapon, Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, 58–68. Ann Arbor, MI: Burgess.Google Scholar
Jason‐Smith, Diedre 1980. Sociobiology: So what? In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 62–68. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1974. Women in science: A social analysis. Harvard Magazine October: 14–19.Google Scholar
Kimball, Meredith. 1981. Women and science: A critique of biological theories. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):318–38.Google Scholar
Leacock, Eleanor. 1983. Ideologies of male dominance as divide and rule politics: An anthropologist's view. In Woman's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 111–121. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Leiboweitz, Lila. 1978. Females, males, and families: A biosocial approach. London: Duxbury Press.Google Scholar
Leiboweitz, Lila. 1983. Origins of the sexual division of labor. In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 123–147. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Lowe, Marian 1983. The dialectic of biology and culture. In Woman's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 39–62. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, ed. 1983. Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Maccoby, Eleanor. 1970. Feminine intellect and the demands of science. Impact of Science on Society 20 (1):13.Google Scholar
Magner, Lois. 1978. Women and the scientific idiom: Textual episodes from Wollstonecraft, Fuller, Gilman, and Firestone. Signs 4 (1):61–80.10.1086/493569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, , Kay, M. and Barbara, Voorhies 1975. Female of the species. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merchant, Carolyn. 1980. The death of nature: Women, ecology, and the scientific revolution. San Francisco: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Messing, Karen. 1983. The scientific mystique: Can a white lab coat quarantee purity in the search for knowledge about the nature of women? In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 75–88. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Elaine. 1972. The descent of woman. New York: Stein and Day.Google Scholar
Quinn, Naomi. 1977. Anthropological studies on women's status. Annual Review of Anthropology 6:181–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, Evelyn. 1978. Sexism and science. New York: Pathfinder Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, L.J. 1983. Hormonal theories for sex differences: Politics disguised as science. Sex Roles 9:1109–14.10.1007/BF00289919CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruzek, Sheryl Burt 1978. The women's health movement: Feminist alternatives to medical control. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Sayers, Janet. 1980. Psychological sex differences. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 42–61. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Sayers, Janet 1982. Biological politics: Feminist and anti‐feminist perspectives. New York: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Scully, Diana. 1980. Men who controi women's health: The mis‐education of obstetrician‐gynecologists. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Seaman, Barbara and Seaman, M.D. Gideon 1977. Women and the crisis in sex hormones. New York: Rawson Associates Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Shields, Stephanie. 1978. Sex and the biased science. New Scientist 80 (1132):752–54.Google Scholar
Shields, Stephanie. 1982. The variability hypothesis: The history of a biological model of sex differences in intelligence. Signs 7 (4): 769–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spanier, Bonnie. 1980. Critical filters in science careers. In Choices for science 33–41. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Star, Susan Leigh 1979. The politics of right and left: Sex differences in hemispheric brain asymmetry. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 61–74. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Tobach, Ethel and Betty, Rosoff 1978. Genes and gender I: On hereditarianism and women. New York: Gordian Press.Google Scholar
Walberg, Herbert J 1969. Physics, femininity, and creativity. Developmental Psychology 1 (1):47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Mary Roth 1979. The quirls of a woman's brain. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 103–125. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Wertz, Dorothy and Richard, Wertz 1977. Lying‐in: A history of childbirth in America. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Addelson, Kathryn Pyne 1983. The man of professional wisdom. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 165–186. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Arditti, Rita. 1980. Feminism and science. In Science and liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 350–368. Boston: MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Arditti, Rita, Brennan, Pat and Cavrak, Steve, eds. 1980. Science and liberation. Boston, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, Ruth 1984. Science and gender: A critique of biology and its theories on women. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, Ruth, ed. 1986. Feminist approaches to science. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bonner, Jill. 1980. The cult of objectivity in the physical sciences. In Choices for science, 52–57. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar
Easlea, Brian. 1981. Science and sexual oppression: Patriarchy's confrontation with woman and nature. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Fausto‐Sterling, Anne 1981. Women and science. Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (4):41–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1981a. Is feminism a threat to objectivity? International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):378–92.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1981b. Is there a feminist science? Science and Nature 4:46–57.Google Scholar
Fee, Elizabeth. 1983. Women's nature and scientific objectivity. In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 9–27. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Fowlkes, Diane L. and McClure, Charlotte S., eds. 1984. Feminist visions toward a transformation of the liberal arts curriculum. Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, Madeleine J and Goodman, Lenn Evan 1981. Is there a feminist biology? International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):393–413.Google Scholar
Griffin, Susan 1978. Woman and nature: The roaring inside her. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. 1978. Animal sociology and a natural economy of the body politic. Signs 4 (1):21–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, Susan 1981. In the beginning was the word: The genesis of biological theory. Signs 6 (3):469–81.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra 1981. The norms of social inquiry and masculine experience. PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 305–324. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra 1982. Is gender a variable in conceptions of rationality? Dialectica 36 (2–3):225–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Sandra 1986. The science question in feminism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra and O'Barr, Jean, eds. 1987. Sex and scientific inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill B., eds.1983. Discovering reality: Feminist perspectives on epistemology, metaphysics, methodology, and philosophy of science. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Hartsock, Nancy. 1981. Social life and social science: The significance of the naturalist intentionalist dispute. In PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 325–345. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar
Hein, Hilde. 1981. Women and science: Fitting men to think about nature. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):369–77.Google Scholar
Irigaray, Luce. 1985. Speculum of the other woman. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1980a. Feminist critique of science: A forward or backward move? Fundamenta Scientiae 1:341–49.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1980b. Baconian science: A hermaphroditic birth. The Philosophical Forum 11 (3):299–308.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1981. Women and science: Two cultures or one. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):362–68.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1982. Feminism and science. Signs 7 (3):589–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983a. Feminism as an analytic tool for the study of science. Academe 69 (5):15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983b. Gender and science. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 187–205. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on gender and science. New York: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Koertge, Noretta 1981. Methodology, ideology and feminist critiques of science. In PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 346–359. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar
Longino, Helen. 1981 (Fall). Scientific objectivity and feminist theorizing. Liberal Education 67.Google Scholar
Longino, Helen. 1983a. Beyond bad science: Skeptical reflections on the value‐freedom of scientific inquiry. Science, Technology and Human Values 8:7–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, Helen. 1983b (March). Scientific objectivity and the logics of science. Inquiry.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, Helen and Doell, Ruth. 1983. Body, bias, and behavior: A comparative analysis of reasoning in two areas of biological science. Signs 9 (2):206–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, Marian. 1981. Cooperation and competition in science. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):362–68.Google Scholar
Mouton, Janice. 1983. A paradigm of philosoophy: The adversary method. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 149–164. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Purdy, Laura M 1986. Nature and nurture: A false dichotomy. Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 1 (1): 167–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Hilary 1983. Hand, brain, and heart: A feminist epistemology for the natural sciences. Signs 9 (1):73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1982. Androgyny and sociobiology. International Journal of Women's Studies 5 (5):435–444.Google Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1984. A call for feminist science. International Journal of Women's Studies 7 (1):3–9.Google Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1985. Introductory biology: Approaches to feminist transformations in course content and teaching practice. Journal of Thought 20 (3):205–17.Google Scholar
Rosser, Sue 1986. Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Stehelin, Liliane. 1980. Sciences, women and ideology. In Ideology of/in the natural sciences, ed. Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven, 217–230. Boston: G.K. Hall.Google Scholar
Tosi, Lucia. 1975. Women's scientific creativity. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2):105–14.Google Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 1983. Re‐fusing nature/nurture. Hypatia 3, published as a Special Issue of Women's Studies International Forum 6 (6):621–32.Google Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 1985. Re‐presenting the world: Feminism and the natural sciences. Frontiers 8 (3):73–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuana, Nancy. 1986. A Response to Purdy. Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 1 (1): 175–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallsgrove, Ruth. 1980. The masculine face of science. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 228–240. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Whitbeck, Caroline. 1984. A different reality: Feminist ontology. In Beyond domination, ed. Gould, Carol, 64–88. New York: Rowman and Allanheld.Google Scholar
Woodhull, Ann, Lowry, Nancy and Henifin, Mary Sue 1985. Teaching for change: Feminism and the sciences. Journal of Thought 20 (3): 162–73.Google Scholar