Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T17:11:05.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Difference Sameness Makes: Objectification, Sex Work, and Queerness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

Abstract

With its implicit vilification of materiality, the notion of objectification has failed to produce a coherent and effective ethical analysis of heterosexual sex work. The concept of derivatization, grounded in an Irigarayan model of embodied intersubjectivity, is more effective. However, queer sex work poses new and different ethical challenges. This paper argues that although queer sex work can entail both objectification and derivatization, the former is not ethically objectionable, and the latter, although the cause for some justified ethical concern, must be analyzed within the context of structural sexual injustice.

Type
Open Issue Content
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the anonymous Hypatia reviewers for their insightful responses to earlier drafts of this article.

References

Ahmed, Sara. 2000. Strange encounters: Embodied others in postcoloniality. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bartky, Sandra Lee. 1990. Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Beauvoir, Simone de. 1974. The second sex. Trans. and ed. H. M. Parshley. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Bordo, Susan. 1993. Unbearable weight: Feminism, western culture, and the body. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brock, Deborah R. 1998. Making work, making trouble: Prostitution as a social problem. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, John. 1994. One‐handed histories: The eroto‐politics of gay male video pornography. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cahill, Ann J. 2011. Overcoming objectification: A carnal ethics. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cornell, Drucilla. 1995. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dank, Barry M., and Refinetti, Roberto. 1999. Sex work and sex workers. New Brunswick, N.J., and London: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Deutscher, Penelope. 2002. A politics of impossible difference: The later work of Luce Irigaray. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Diprose, Rosalyn. 1994. The bodies of women: Ethics, embodiment and sexual difference. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Duggan, Scott J., and McCreary, Donald R. 2004. Body image, eating disorders, and the drive for muscularity in gay and heterosexual men: The influence of media images. Journal of Homosexuality 47 (3/4): 4548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, David. 1989. Trends in gay pornographic magazines: 1960 through 1984. Sociology and Social Research 73 (2): 9598.Google Scholar
Dworkin, Andrea. 1989. Pornography: Men possessing women. New York: E. P. Dutton.Google Scholar
Elias, James E., Bullough, Vern L., Elias, Veronica, and Brewer, Gwen (eds.). 1998. Prostitution: On whores, hustlers, and johns. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Gatens, Moira. 1996. Imaginary bodies: Ethics, power and corporeality. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Grosz, Elizabeth. 1994a. The hetero and the homo: The sexual ethics of Luce Irigaray. In Engaging with Irigaray: Feminist philosophy and modern European thought, ed. Burke, Carolyn, Schor, Naomi and Whitford, Margaret. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Grosz, Elizabeth. 1994b. Volatile bodies: Towards a corporeal feminism, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hope, Trevor. 1994. Sexual indifference and the homosexual male imaginary. Diacritics 24 (2/3): 168–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irigaray, Luce. 1985. This sex which is not one. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Irigaray, Luce. 1993. An ethics of sexual difference. Trans. Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Langton, Rae. 2009. Sexual solipsism: Philosophical essays on pornography and objectification. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeMoncheck, Linda. 1985. Dehumanizing woman: Treating persons as sex objects. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Genevieve. 1993. The man of reason. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, Catriona, and Stoljar, Natalie, eds. 2000. Relational autonomy: Feminist perspectives on autonomy, agency, and the social self. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 1987. Feminism unmodified: Discourses on life and law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Kenneth. 2003. Representing men: Maleness and masculinity in the media. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marlowe, Julian. 2006. Thinking outside the box: Men in the sex industry. In Prostitution and pornography: Philosophical debate about the sex industry, ed. Spector, Jessica. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mercer, John. 2003. Homosexual prototypes: Repetition and the construction of the generic in the iconography of gay pornography. In Men's bodies, ed. Still, Judith. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Tim. 2001. Suck, spit, chew, swallow: A performative exploration of men's bodies. In Masculinity: Bodies, movies, culture, ed. Lehman, Peter. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Linda. 1999. The play of reason: From the modern to the postmodern. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1995. Objectification. Philosophy and Public Affairs 24 (4): 249–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connell Davidson, Julia. 1999. Prostitution, power, and freedom. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pittman, David. 1971. The male house of prostitution. Transaction 8: 2127.Google Scholar
Shrage, Laurie. 1994. Moral dilemmas of feminism: Prostitution, adultery, and abortion. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Spector, Jessica ed. 2006. Prostitution and pornography: Philosophical debate about the sex industry. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Stone, Alison. 2006. Luce Irigaray and the philosophy of sexual difference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stychin, Carl F. 1992. Exploring the limits: Feminism and the legal regulation of gay male pornography. Vermont Law Review 16: 857900.Google Scholar
Van der Poel, Sari. 1992. Professional male prostitution: A neglected phenomenon. Crime, Law, and Social Change 18 (3): 259–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waugh, Tom. 1985. Men's pornography: Gay vs. straight. Jump Cut 30: 3035.Google Scholar
Weiss, Gail. 1999. Body images: Embodiment as intercorporeality. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weitzer, Ronald. 2000. Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
West Donald, J., and de Villiers, Buz. 1993. Male prostitution. New York: Harrington Park Press.Google Scholar
Whitford, Margaret. 1991. Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the feminine. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2005. On female body experience: “Throwing like a girl” and other essays. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar