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² See, for example, Houtepen, Anton, “Evangelie, kerk, ambt. Theologische diagnose van de huidige ambtsproblematiek,” Tijdschrift voor Theologie 19 (1979): 250Google Scholar; Schillebeeckx, Edward, “The Christian Community and its Office-Bearers,” in The Right of the Community to a Priest, ed. Schillebeeckx, Edward and Metz, Johann-Baptist, Concilium 133 (New York: Seabury, 1980), 95–133Google Scholar; Schillebeeckx, Edward, The Church with a Human Face, trans. Bowden, John (New York: Crossroad, 1985)Google Scholar; O'Meara, Thomas F., Theology of Ministry, 2nd ed. (New York: Paulist, 1999)Google Scholar; Kasper, , Leadership in the Church, 133ff.Google Scholar

³ Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen gentium), art. 10 (henceforth abbreviated as LG.) All English translations of documents of Vatican II from The Documents of Vatican II, ed. Abbott, Walter M. (New York: America Press, 1966).Google Scholar

⁴ See LG art. 31; Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et spes), art. 43 (henceforth abbreviated as GS.); Pope John XXIII, Encyclical Mater et magistra, art. 255, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_15051961_mater_en.html (accessed September 25, 2007).

⁵ Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests (Presbyterorum ordinis), art. 12 (henceforth abbreviated as PO). Cf. Zizioulas, “Ordination—a Sacrament?” for this same concept expressed in terms of Eastern Orthodox theology.

⁶ See the 1983 Code of Canon Law, c. 213.

⁷ See Annuarium statisticum ecclesiae 2003 (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2005); Froehle, Bryan T. and Gautier, Mary L., Global Catholicism: Portrait of a World Church (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2003)Google Scholar; Kerkhofs, Jan, “Van ‘geblokkeerde’ naar bevrijdende diensten in de kerk?,” Tijdschrift voor theologie 19 (1979): 221–34.Google Scholar

⁸ America, May 12, 2003, 12–13.

⁹ Jenkins, Philip, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).Google Scholar See also The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States. A Research Study Conducted by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice (Washington, D.C.: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004); Cooperman, Alan, “Abuse Problem Is Clouded by a Lack of Data” in Washington Post, March 10, 2002, A3Google Scholar; “Church in Crisis: Interview with Dr. Leslie Lothstein by Katherine DiGiulio. ‘Crossroads Magazine’” June 17, 2002 television interview in National Catholic Reporter, August 9, 2002; Reese, Thomas J., “Facts, Myths and Questions” in America, March 22, 2004, 13–15.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See Pius, Pope XII, Encyclical Mediator Dei (November 20, 1947), http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_20111947_mediator-dei_en.htmlGoogle Scholar (accessed September 25, 2007); LG 10; PO 2; Schönborn, Christoph Cardinal, Loving the Church: Spiritual Exercises Preached in the Presence of Pope John Paul II, trans. Saward, John (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1998), 119.Google Scholar Cf. Marliangeas, Bernard Dominique, Clés pour une théologie du ministère. In persona Christi; In persona Ecclesiae, Théologie Historique 51 (Paris: Beauchesne, 1978).Google Scholar

¹¹ On the use of pontificals, see Paul, Pope VI, Motu Proprio Pontificalia insignia (21 June 1968), Acta Apostolica Sedis 60 (1968): 374–77Google Scholar; Notitiae 4 (1968): 224–26, par. 17.

¹² Cf. Galot, Jean S.J., Theology of the Priesthood, trans. Balducelli, Roger (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1985), 208Google Scholar; Dulles, Avery, The Priestly Office: A Theological Reflection (Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist, 1997), 12–13.Google Scholar Cf. Aquinas, Thomas, Summa contra gentiles IV, 74 in Summa Contra Gentiles, trans. English Dominican Fathers (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1929), 257–60Google Scholar; Kasper, , Leadership in the Church, 99.Google Scholar

¹³ See, e.g., PO 2, 12; LG 7, 30, 33, 34. For the Vatican document (15 August 1997), see http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/laity/documents/rc_con_interdic_doc_15081997_en.html (accessed 4 October 2007).

¹⁴ Komonchak, Joseph A., “‘Non-ordained’ and Ordained' Ministers in the Local Church,” in The Right of the Community to a Priest, 48.Google Scholar

¹⁵ See Kasper, , Leadership in the Church, 176–204.Google Scholar

¹⁶ World Council of Churches, Faith and Order Paper No. 111, “Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry” (henceforth BEM), M6. The text is divided into three parts (Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry); my references are to the latter part, abbreviated as “M”. It is available at http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/faith-and-order-commission/i-unity-the-church-and-its-mission/baptism-eucharist-and-ministry-faith-and-order-paper-no-111-the-lima-text/baptism-eucharist-and-ministry.html#c10500 (accessed 4 October 2007). See further The Plurality of Ministries.

¹⁷ For an overview of the history and significance of this distinction see Fransen, Piet S.J., “Orders and Ordination,” in Sacramentum Mundi: An Encyclopedia of Theology, ed. Rahner, Karl et al. , vol. 4 (New York: Herder and Herder, 1969), 305Google Scholar; Osborne, Kenan B. O.F.M., Ministry: Lay Ministry in the Roman Catholic Church, Its History and Theology (New York: Paulist, 1993) 7–47.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Power, David N., “Representing Christ in Community and Sacrament,” in Being a Priest Today, ed. Goergen, Donald J. (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992), 97–123Google Scholar; Marliangeas, Clés pour une théologie du ministère; Schillebeeckx, , “The Christian Community and its Office-Bearers,” in The Right of the Community to a Priest, 105ffGoogle Scholar; Kasper, , Leadership in the Church, 56–57.Google Scholar Peter Fink's proposal that the ordained minister serves as sacrament of the Church to the Church is attractive but Ptolemaic in its complexity. The Church is already a sacrament; the application of Ocham's Razor eliminates the multiplication of a sacrament of a sacrament. See Fink, Peter, “The Sacrament of Orders: Some Liturgical Reflections,” in Worship 56 (1982) 482–502Google Scholar; idem, “The Priesthood of Jesus Christ in the Ministry and Life of the Ordained,” in Priests: Identity and Ministry, ed. Wister, Robert (Wilmington: Glazier, 1990), 71–91.Google Scholar

¹⁹ “Evangelie, kerk, ambt,” 236.

²⁰ Osborne, , Ministry, 161.Google Scholar

²¹ Ibid. 25ff., 228. See further Fransen, , “Orders and Ordination,” 305–06Google Scholar; O'Meara, , Theology of Ministry, 104ff.Google Scholar

²² Summa Theologica III q. 63 a. 3, as quoted in Dulles, , The Priestly Office, 11–12.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., 13–15.

²⁴ Pilarczyk, Archbishop Daniel, “Defining the Priesthood,” Origins 20 (October 18, 1990), 299Google Scholar, as quoted in Dulles, , The Priestly Office 15.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Dictionnaire de Spiritualité Ascétique et Mystique, s. v. “Sacerdoce,” col. 17–18 (my translation).

²⁷ See Paul, Pope John II: “A Vision of the Priest's Role” in Origins 8 (February 15, 1979), 548–49Google Scholar; idem, Apostolic Exhortation Christifideles laici (30 December 1988), sec. 22, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_30121988_christifideles-laici_en.html (accessed 25 September 2007); Paul, Pope John II, Message of John Paul II to Cardinal J. Francis Stafford on the Occasion of the Congress of the Catholic Laity (21 November 2000), http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20001125_jubilee-laity_en.htmlGoogle Scholar (accessed 4 October 2007); Galot, , Theology of the Priesthood, 118.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Tillich, Paul, Systematic Theology, vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 156.Google Scholar See also Jensen, David H., “Religionless Christianity and Vulnerable Discipleship: the Interfaith Promise of Bonhoeffer's Theology,” in Journal of Ecumenical Studies 38 (2001): 151–67.Google Scholar

³⁰ Osborne, , Ministry. Lay Ministry in the Roman Catholic Church: Its History and Theology, 563Google Scholar; see also 693 note 70. See Pope John Paul II, Christifideles laici, secs. 9, 14, and 15. See also Vatican II's Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity Apostolicam actuositatem, art. 5; Downey, Michael, “Ministerial Identity: A Question of Common Foundations” in Ordering the Baptismal Priesthood, 3–25Google Scholar; Fox, Zeni, “Laity, Ministry, and Secular Character” in Ordering the Baptismal Priesthood, 121–51.Google Scholar

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³³ See Grelot, Église et Ministères; Galot, Theology of the Priesthood; Nichols, Aidan O.P., Holy Order: The Apostolic Ministry from the New Testament to the Second Vatican Council (Dublin: Veritas Publications, 1990)Google Scholar; Dunn, Patrick J., Priesthood: A Reexamination of the Roman Catholic Theology of the Presbyterate (New York: Alba House, 1990)Google Scholar; Dulles, The Priestly Office.

³⁴ Galot, , Theology of the Priesthood, 71ff.Google Scholar

³⁵ Kloppenburg, Bonaventure, The Priest: Living Instrument and Minister of Christ, the Eternal Priest, trans. O'Connell, Matthew J. (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1974), 51Google Scholar, as quoted in Nichols, , Holy Order, 15.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Nichlos, , Holy Order, 24.Google Scholar

³⁹ Grelot, , Église et Ministères, 21Google Scholar (my translation).

⁴⁰ See Brown, Raymond, The Churches the Apostles Left Behind (New York: Paulist, 1984).Google Scholar

⁴¹ O'Meara, , Theology of Ministry, 65.Google Scholar See also McKenzie, John, “Ministerial Structures in the New Testament,” in The Plurality of Ministries, 14.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Leadership in the Church, 117. For an overview of this question, Kasper refers to Kredel, E.M., “Der Apostelbegriff in der neueren Exegese,” Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 78 (1956): 169–93, 257–305Google Scholar; Schnackenburg, R., “L'apostolicité: État de la recherche,” Istina 14 (1969): 5–32Google Scholar; Theologisches Realenzyklopädie, s.v. “Apostel/Apostolat/Apostolizität” (J. Roloff).

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⁴⁷ Ibid., 124.

⁴⁸ Ibid., 125–26.

⁴⁹ http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum20.htm (accessed 4 October 2007).

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⁵⁶ Fransen, , “Orders and Ordination,” 311.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Hippolytus, , The Apostolic Tradition 9:1, 5, 14.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Aquinas, ThomasSumma Theologica IIIGoogle Scholar, q. 63 a. 3. For this and subsequent references, see Aquinas, St. Thomas, Summa Theologica, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 5 vols. (Westminster, MD: Christian Classics 1981).Google Scholar See also Schillebeeckx, , “Theologische kanttekeningen bij de huidige priester-crisis,” 425–26Google Scholar; Summa Theologica, Supplement q. 34, a. 2, obj. 1.

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⁶⁶ See Frost, , “Ministère,” 186.Google Scholar Cf. Zizioulas, “Ordination—a Sacrament?.”

⁶⁷ Enchiridion Symbolorum. Definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum, 35th ed., ed. Denzinger, Heinrich and Schönmetzer, Adolf. (Freiburg: Herder, 1965), no. 1326 (henceforth DS).Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Session 23, chapter 1 (DS 1764).

⁶⁹ Fransen, , “Orders and Ordination,” 318Google Scholar; Legrand, , “The ‘Indelible’ Character and the Theology of Ministry,” 59–62.Google Scholar

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⁷³ O'Meara, , Theology of Ministry, 141.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Ibid., 150.

⁷⁵ Houtepen, , “Evangelie, kerk, ambt,” 252Google Scholar (my translation).

⁷⁶ Theology of Ministry, 190.

⁷⁷ Ibid., 222.

⁷⁸ Fransen, , “Orders and Ordination,” 314.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Loyola, Ignatius, Spiritual Exercises, par. 91–98Google Scholar (henceforth SE), in Obras completas de San Ignacio de Loyola, ed. Iparraguirre, Ignacio S.J., (Madrid: La editorial catolica, S.A., 1963), 218–20.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Nemeck, Francis Kelly and Coombs, Marie Theresa, Called by God: A Theology of Vocation and Lifelong Commitment (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992).Google Scholar