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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 February 2017
At the 25th Anniversary of Western Colleges held at Pomona College in Claremont, California, on March 25, 1949, Dr. Robert Glass Cleland asked Ernest Moore who he thought were the leading educators in California's past. Moore replied that he would not hesitate to head the list with “John Swett, the maker of the California School System….”
1. Carroll Moore, Ernest, “California's Educators,” The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, XXXI (September, 1949), 169. Curti, Merle wrote: “Thanks to the heroic labors of John Swett, a New Hampshire schoolmaster … a public school system was well under way.” Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought (New York, 1943), 504; and Bashford, Herbert, Stories of the Western Pioneers (San Francisco, 1928), 150, and Gilbert, Benjamin F., Pioneers for One Hundred Years, San Jose State College, 1857–1957 (San Jose, Cal., 1957) 98, both authors called Swett the “Horace Mann of the Pacific Coast.”CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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3. Bean, Walton E., “James Warren and the Beginnings of Agricultural Institutions in California,” Pacific Historical Review, XIII, No. 4 (December 1944), 361–75.Google Scholar
4. Royce, Josiah, Race Questions and Other American Problems (New York, 1908), 215.Google Scholar
5. Swett, John, “A Rough Sketch Prepared as a Curiosity,” Swett Family Papers, Hill Girt Farm, Martinez, California, 1913, in possession of Frank Tracy Swett, John Swett's son. This information is found on page seven; however, the sketch is incomplete and it seems that John Swett abandoned the project.Google Scholar
6. Gudde, Erwin G., ed., “Edward Visher's First Visit to California,” The California Historical Society Quarterly, XIX, No. 3 (September 1940), 13. On Swett's health see Swett, John, Public Education in California (New York, 1911), 85.Google Scholar
7. Memorandum for 1853, Swett Family Papers, Hill Girt Farm, Martinez, California; and see Cluff, Will S. Jr., “John Swett's Diary, January 25 to November 16, 1853,” The California Historical Society Quarterly, XXXIII, No. 4 (December 1954), 299–308.Google Scholar
8. Bernard de Russailk, Albert, Last Adventure, Trans. by Crane, Clarkson (San Francisco, 1931), 58.Google Scholar
9. Russell, William, Lancaster, Mass., to John Swett, San Francisco, Calif., June 11, 1855, A.L.S., 2 p. Swett Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
10. California, Proceedings of the Union State Convention, Held at Sacramento on the 17th and 18th Days of June, 1862, 16.Google Scholar
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15. Caughey, John W., California, op. cit., 287. California did furnish 15,725 volunteers to the Union cause, see Orton, Richard H., comp., Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1867 (Sacramento, 1890), 11; and Kibby, Leo P., “California Soldiers in the Civil War,” The California Historical Society Quarterly, XL, No. 4 (December 1961), 343–47.Google Scholar
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18. Gorley, Hugh A., “The Loyal Californians of 1861,” War Paper No. 2, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Jan. 31, 1893), 4; and Imogene Spaulding, “The Attitude of California to the Civil War,” Annual Publications, Historical Society of Southern California, IX (1914), and Earle, John J., “The Sentiment of the People of California with Respect to the Civil War,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association, VIII (Washington, 1908), 123–35.Google Scholar
19. California, , Proceedings of the State Union Convention, op. cit., 16.Google Scholar
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21. Sacramento Daily Union, Aug. 18, 1863, 8; and see Sacramento Union, May 18, 1861 for the fidelity pledge of the California Legislature.Google Scholar
22. Sacramento Daily Union, op. cit., Swett was not alone in support of the Union. “This state is eminently for Union … A ‘Republic of the Pacific’ is the sheerest nonsense.” Farquhar, Francis P., ed., Up and Down California in 1860–1864: The Journal of William H. Brewer (New Haven, 1930), 88.Google Scholar
23. Yreka Semi-Weekly Journal, June 25, 1862; see also the Sacramento Daily Union, Aug. 12, 1862; Semi-Weekly Southern News, June 27, 1862 and the Daily Alta California, July 4, 1862.Google Scholar
24. Shasta Courier, Aug. 23, 1862.Google Scholar
25. See the Sacramento Union, Aug. 9, 1862 and Aug. 20, 1862 for Swett's answer to the charge made by Henry, B. Janes that Swett admitted Negroes to the Rincon School.Google Scholar
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29. Annual Report, 1881, Washington, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 28–31.Google Scholar
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34. On the hostility toward the “Celestials,” see Caughey, John W., op. cit., 383; Hardy, Osgood and Dumke, Glenn S., A History of the Pacific Area in Modern Times (Boston, 1949), 682, and California Statutes, 1880, 38; California Statutes, 1917, 667.Google Scholar
35. Eighth Annual Report, 1859, California, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 14.Google Scholar
36. First Biennial Report, 1864–65, California, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 57.Google Scholar
37. Swett, John, “Editorial,” The Pacific School Journal, X (August 1886), 143.Google Scholar
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39. Swett, John, “Educational Matters in the Southern Counties,” The California Teacher, II (May 1865), 271.Google Scholar
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41. Francisco, San Times, Oct. 8, 1867.Google Scholar
42. Francisco, San Daily Evening Bulletin, Sept. 24, 1867. See also Oakland Daily News, Sept. 28, 1867; and the Chico Courant, Oct. 11, 1867. “John Swett is a modern educator, not a modern Socrates,” said the Red Bluff Independent, Sept. 25, 1867.Google Scholar
43. Second Biennial Report, op. cit., 135–44.Google Scholar
44. Curti, Merle, The Social Ideas of American Educators (New Jersey, 1935), 196; and Swett, John, “Evolution of the American System of Public Schools,” Proceedings of the California Teachers Association, December, 1898 (San Francisco, 1899), 28.Google Scholar
45. Seventh Annual Report, 1858, op. cit., 9–14. Moulder was a Southerner, and he had in mind a military institution like that in Virginia and South Carolina. See California, Appendix to the Journal of the Assembly (1857), 9.Google Scholar
46. Daily Alta California, Jan. 13, 1858. “… it has an aristocratic tendency.” Wide West, Jan. 17, 1858.Google Scholar
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51. Ferrier, William W., op. cit., 48.Google Scholar
52. Two important factors led to the chartering of the University of California in 1868: the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862, and the University's absorption of an existing institution, the College of California. On the Morrill Land-Grant Act see Earle Ross, Democracy's College (Ames, Iowa, 1942), 46–50.Google Scholar
53. Thirteenth Annual Report, 1863, California, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 74.Google Scholar
54. “State Agricultural College,” First Biennial Report, 1864–65, op. cit., 79.Google Scholar
55. First Biennial Report, op. cit., 81–82; and Swett's Second Biennial Report, op. cit., 122.Google Scholar
56. Allen, Harry Overstreet, The University of California (San Francisco: California-Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 1904), 9.Google Scholar
57. Francisco, San Post, July 29, 1889; Léon Donnat, L'État de Californie (Paris: Librairie Ch. Delagrave, 1878), 101–103.Google Scholar
58. Swett, John, “Educational Power,” Pacific School and Home Journal, IV (August 1880), 301.Google Scholar
59. Barnard, Henry, “Public Instruction in California,” American Journal of Education, XVI (March 1866), 789.Google Scholar
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61. Quoted in Swett, John, Public Education in California, op. cit., 180.Google Scholar
62. Murray Butler, Nicholas, Columbia University, New York City, N. Y., to Swett, John, Hill Girt Farm, Martinez, California, November 29, 1899, A.L.S., 1 p., Swett Collection, Hill Girt Farm, Martinez, Cal.Google Scholar
63. Silliman, Benjamin, “Oration Delivered at the Commencement, College of Oakland, 1867” (San Francisco, 1867), 12.Google Scholar
64. Ide Wheeler, Benjamin, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., to Swett, John, Hill Girt Farm, Martinez, Cal., Nov. 30, 1905, A.L.S., 1 p., Swett Collection, Hill Girt Farm, Martinez, Cal.Google Scholar
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66. Emerson, E. White reminded educators, in 1899, that Swett, John, whom the Boston newspapers as early as 1872, considered the “Horace Mann of the Pacific Coast,” was responsible for the growth of the California educational system. Los Angeles, Proceedings of the National Educational Association, 1899, 59.Google Scholar