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¹⁰ For more on the city's crackdown on burlesque, see Friedman, Andrea, Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York City, 1909–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

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¹⁴ Lindlof, Johanna of Queens had been a kindergarten teacher for over 25 years at the time of her appointment. “Honored, Mrs. Lindlof,” New York Times, 13 June 1943, 47.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ “Sex Education Urged in City High Schools: Officials Also Suggest Regular Physical Examinations by Specially Qualified Doctors,” New York Times, 18 May 1937, 25.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Shapiro was vice president of the PEA at the time of her appointment to the Board of Education in February 1963. See “Heads Parents’ Group,” New York Times, 6 May 1941, 44; “Nominated by Parents Group,” New York Times, 23 March 1948, 28; “Education and Welfare,” New York Times, 1 April 1963, 33.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ See Ravitch, , The Great School Wars. “The Discovery of Segregation and Scandals” (chapter 23) provides more on the Board response to desegregation demands. The Teachers’ Union, although banned from the school system since 1951 for its Communist affiliations, vocalized teacher demands for administrative action to desegregate.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Biondi, Martha, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 112.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ibid., 242–47.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ For additional examples of Galamison's role as a community organizer see Taylor, Knocking at Our Own Door, Freeman, , Working Class New York, 186, 281; Ravitch, , The Great School Wars, 261–79; Cannato, , The Ungovernable City, 281 and 320–33.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ “Galamison Group Pickets 9 Homes,” New York Times, 11 January 1965, 28.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ The sustained agitation of the Public Education Association was echoed in letters and calls from the American Social Health Association, the Community Service Society of New York, the Maternity Center Association, the Women's City Club of New York, and neighborhood-based settlement-house programs such as Inwood House.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ PEA, letter to Garrison, Lloyd, President, New York City Board of Education, 29 March 1966, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Series 385, Subseries C, Box 4, folder 41).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ PEA, letter to Shapiro, Rose, 2 February 1966, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 4, folder 41).Google Scholar

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⁶² Lloyd, Helene M., Acting Deputy Superintendent of Schools, Memorandum: “Project: Services to School-Age Unwed Mothers,” 5 January 1967, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 4, folder 41).Google Scholar

⁶³ Lindsay, John took office in January 1966. Cannato says, “In contrast to Mayor Wagner (Lindsay) wanted to break up the power of the Board of Education and its bureaucracy and bring more control to local groups.” The Ungovernable City, 275.Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ “Loretan, J. O. Dies; Schools Official,” New York Times, 2 August 1966, 26.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ According to Ravitch, , the trend started in 1961 with a system-wide drop in third-grade reading scores. By 1966, one in five students had fallen two years behind grade-level reading standards. The Great School Wars, 263 and 309.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Buder, Leonard, “Schools Will End Group I.Q. Testing,” New York Times, 3 March 1964, 37; “J. O. Loretan Dies.”Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ Loretan, Joseph, letter to Rose Shapiro, 29 April 1966, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 4, folder 41). In 1948, the film was said by its maker, Albert, Eddie Productions, to be “doing nicely all around the country.” See “Random Notes about People and Pictures,” New York Times, 7 November 1948, x5.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Shapiro, Rose, Memo to all Board of Education members, Superintendent Bernard Donovan, and Deputy Superintendent Joseph Loretan, 29 June 1966, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 4, folder 41). The clipping was “Schools Helping Unwed Mothers with Education,” Chicago Tribune, 3 June 1966, page unknown.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Shapiro, Rose, Memo to all Board of Education members and Superintendent Bernard Donovan, 8 June 1966, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 7, folder 116).Google Scholar

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⁷⁴ “Home Living: Intermediate Schools Task Force Report, Preliminary Curriculum Guide,” September 1966, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 7, folder 116).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Manhattan schools 44, 70, 88, 117, and 201; Brooklyn schools 49, 218, 246; Bronx school 49; Queens schools 8, 59, 61, 126, 145. No Staten Island schools were included for the pilot plan.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ Emphasis added. Excerpt from Mead, Mary, “The Changing American Family,” Children, September–October 1963, NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 7, folder 116).Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ Currivan, Gene, “Catholics Weigh Education in Sex,” New York Times, 10 February 1967, 39.Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ Ultimately 166 of the city's 700–plus public schools signed on to pilot the sex education curriculum. Training began in Fall 1967 with a planned rollout in Fall 1968, but the storied teacher strikes of 1967–1968 delayed implementation further. The first evaluations of the curriculum's impact appeared in 1969. See “Family Living, Including Sex Education: Interim Report” (The Public Schools of New York City Staff Bulletin, 7 April 1969), NYCMA-BOE, papers of Rose Shapiro (Box 7, folder 119).Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Moran, , Teaching Sex, 35.Google Scholar