¹ These included New York's Ives Loyalty Oath for teachers in 1934, a state committee investigation of Communist teachers in 1936, and in 1938 the federal House Un-American Affairs Committee (HUAC), also known as the Dies Committee. Marjorie Heins, Priests of Our Democracy: The Supreme Court, Academic Freedom, and the Anti-Communist Purge (New York: New York University Press, 2013), 43–66; Schrecker, Ellen W., No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 63–83.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Karier, Clarence J., The Individual, Society, and Education: A History of American Educational Ideas, 2nd ed. (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1991), especially Chapter 10 “A Fascist and a Communist View of the Function of the American School,” 258–85. It is important to note that the question raised here about the relationship between pedagogy and democracy is perennial as each generation struggles to work out the relationship between public education and democracy in a changing social context. Tracey Steffes, School, Society, and State: A New Education to Govern Modern America, 1890–1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012); Kliebard, Herbert M., The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893–1958, 3rd edi. (New York: Routledge, 2004).Google Scholar

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