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² Ibid.; Kuceyeski, Stacia, “The Gay Ohio History Initiative as a Model for Collecting Institutions,” Museums and Social Issues 3, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 686–94. Throughout this essay I use the terms “lesbian,” “gay,” and “queer” to reflect the contexts of specific histories under examination. “Queer” can serve as an adjective, a noun, or a verb. In general I use “LGBTQ” as an adjective to describe issues, topics, and histories regarding people in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries who claim a nonheterosexual orientation. I also refer to queer theories as those that challenge and complicate notions of singular, fixed, or normal identities. See Hall, Donald E., Queer Theories (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 12–16.Google Scholar

³ Kuceyeski, , “The Gay Ohio History Initiative as a Model,” 126–27.Google Scholar

⁴ “Notable LGBT Ohioans,” Gay Ohio History Initiative, accessed 13 August 2012, http://www.gohi.org/glbt-ohio-history-month/.Google Scholar

⁵ Quoted in Kavanaugh, John, letter to the editor, Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide 17, no. 1 (January–February 2010): 9.Google Scholar

⁶ I am using the term “Christian Right” as defined by Political Research Associates: theocrats who embrace a politics that tries to preserve traditional notions of gender and sexuality. See Kumashiro, Kevin K., The Seduction of Common Sense: How the Right Has Framed the Debate on America's Schools (New York: Teachers College Press, 2008), 9–10.Google Scholar

⁷ See “Love Makes A Family,” Family Diversity Projects, accessed 13 August 2012, http://www.familydiv.org/lovemakesafamily.php. See also, It's Elementary: Talking about Gay Issues in Schools, VHS, produced by Cohen, Helen S. and Chasnoff, Debra, directed by Debra Chasnoff (San Francisco: Women's Educational Media, 1996).Google Scholar

⁸ Bravmann, Scott, Queer Fictions of the Past: History, Culture, and Difference (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 4.Google Scholar

⁹ These ideas reflect my reading of the literature in LGBTQ education history and many conversations with leading scholars in the field, Jackie Blount, Roland Sintos Coloma, and Catherine Lugg.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Graves, Karen L., And They Were Wonderful Teachers: Florida's Purge of Gay and Lesbian Teachers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), xiii.Google Scholar

¹¹ See Blount, Jackie M., Fit to Teach: Same-sex Desire, Gender, and School Work in the Twentieth Century (Albany: SUNY Press, 2005); J. R. de Honey, S., Tom Brown's Universe: The Development of the English Public School in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Quadrangle, 1977); Graves, And They Were Wonderful Teachers; Harbeck, Karen M., Gay and Lesbian Educators: Personal Freedoms, Public Constraints (Maiden, MA: Amethyst Press, 1997); Sahli, Nancy, “Smashing: Women's Relationships Before the Fall,” Chrysalis 8 (Summer 1979): 17–27; Vicinus, Martha, “Distance and Desire: English Boarding School Friendships, 1870–1920,” Signs: Journal of Women and Culture in Society 9, no. 4 (1984): 600–22; Wright, William, Harvard's Secret Court: The Savage 1920 Purge of Campus Homosexuals (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005).Google Scholar

¹² D'Emilio, John, “Then and Now: The Shifting Context of Gay Historical Writing,” in The World Turned: Essays on Gay History, Politics, and Culture (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 229.Google Scholar

¹³ The classic references for this point are Bailyn, Bernard, Education in the Forming of American Society: Needs and Opportunities for Study (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1960) and Cremin, Lawrence A., The Wonderful World of Ell-wood Patterson Cubberley: An Essay in the Historiography of American Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1965).Google Scholar

¹⁴ See, for example, Bérubé, Allan, Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two, (New York: Free Press, 1990); Boyd, Nan Alamilla, Wide Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Cahn, Susan K., “From the ‘Muscle Moll’ to the ‘Butch’ Ballplayer: Mannishness, Lesbianism, and Homophobia in U.S. Women's Sport,” Feminist Studies 19, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 686–94; Chauncey, George, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Cook, Blanche Wiesen, “Female Support Networks and Political Activism: Lillian Wald, Crystal Eastman, Emma Goldman,” Chrysalis 3 (1977): 43–61; D'Emilio, John, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); D'Emilio, John, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (New York: Free Press, 2003); Eskridge, William N., Jr., Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999); Faderman, Lillian, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1991); Freedman, Estelle B., “‘The Burning of Letters Continues': Elusive Identities and the Historical Construction of Sexuality,” Journal of Women's History 9, no. 4 (Winter 1998): 181–200; Hansen, Karen V., “‘No Kisses Is Like Yourses': An Erotic Friendship between Two African-American Women during the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Gender and History 7, no. 2 (1995): 153–82; Howard, John, ed., Carryin’ On in the Lesbian and Gay South (New York: New York University Press, 1997); Johnson, David K., The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004); Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky and Davis, Madeline D., Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routlege, 1993); Russo, Vito, The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies (New York: Harper & Row, 1987); Rupp, Leila J., “‘Imagine My Surprise': Women's Relationships in Mid-Twentieth Century America,” in Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay & Lesbian Past, eds., Duberman, Martin Bauml, Vicinus, Martha, and George Chauncey, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1989), 395–410; Sears, James T., Lonely Hunters: An Oral History of Lesbian and Gay Southern Life, 1948–1968 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997); Shilts, Randy, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982); Shilts, Randy, Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Stein, Marc, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves: Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945–1972 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); and White, C. Todd, Pre-Gay LA: A Social History of the Movement for Homosexual Rights (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009).Google Scholar

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¹⁶ Later in this essay I discuss the ways in which historians have dealt with the changing meanings of same-sex sexuality over time and place.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Duberman, Martin Bauml, “Reclaiming the Gay Past,” Reviews in American History 16, no. 4 (December 1988): 686–94.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Lerner, Gerda, Living with History/Making Social Change (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 143, 146.Google Scholar

¹⁹ It may be useful to give a brief description of the portion of the bibliography I do not examine in this analysis, a collection of thirty-three books and twenty-two essays that I have labeled “Peripheral/Inclusive of LGBTQ/Sexuality in Education/History.” This body of research includes work that barely mentions LGBTQ issues but nonetheless seems important to track—peripheral. Other scholarship gives considerable attention to LGBTQ issues even though they do not command center stage in the analysis—inclusive. In other cases the study focuses on broader themes of gender or sexuality rather than LGBTQ issues explicitly. Nonetheless, the work informs one's thinking about LGBTQ issues so I have counted it. Finally, some of these pieces address lesbian and gay education history as part of a larger study in education or history—for instance, a history of sexuality that mentions an educational issue in passing, or an educational study on LGBTQ issues that tacks on “a brief historical overview.” I also culled works on sex education; biographies, reflective essays, and surveys; and short, journalistic pieces from the primary analysis. I will provide a copy of the full bibliography upon request.Google Scholar

²⁰ D'Emilio, John, Making Trouble: Essays on Gay History, Politics, and the University (New York: Routledge, 1992).Google Scholar

²¹ Dilley, Patrick, Queer Man on Campus: A History of Non-Heterosexual College Men, 1945–2000 (New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002).Google Scholar

²² Shand-Tucci, Douglass, The Crimson Letter: Harvard, Homosexuality, and the Shaping of American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003); Wright, Harvard's Secret Court. Google Scholar

²³ Harbeck, , Gay and Lesbian Educators.Google Scholar

²⁴ Blount, , Fit To Teach. See also Blount, “The History of Teaching and Talking about Sex in Schools,” History of Education Quarterly 43, no. 4 (2003): 686–94; “Spinsters, Bachelors, and Other Gender Transgressors in School Employment, 1850–1990,” Review of Educational Research 70, no. 1 (2000): 83–101; and, “Manly Men and Employment, 1900–1976,” Harvard Educational Review 68, no. 2 (1996): 318–39.Google Scholar

²⁵ Graves, , And They Were Wonderful Teachers, xiv.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Blount, , “The History of Teaching and Talking about Sex in Schools;” Kathleen Weiler, “The Case of Martha Deane: Sexuality and Power at Cold War UCLA,” History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 4 (Winter 2007): 686–94.Google Scholar

²⁸ Cavanagh, Sheila L., “Female-Teacher Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Ontario, Canada,” History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 686–94; Churchill, David S., “Making Broad Shoulders: Body-Building and Physical Culture in Chicago, 1890–1920,” History of Education Quarterly 48, no. 3 (August 2008): 341–70; Johnson, Joan Marie, “Job Market or Marriage Market?: Life Choices for Southern Women Educated at Northern Colleges, 1875–1915,” History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 2 (May 2007): 149–72; Limond, David, “Only Talk in the Staffroom: ‘Subversive Teaching in a Scottish School, 1939–40,” History of Education 29, no. 3 (2000): 239–52; Limond, , “‘I Never Imagined that the Time Would Come': Cole, Martin, the Growing Up Controversy and the Limits of School Sex Education in 1970s England,” History of Education 37, no. 3 (May 2008): 409–29; Victoria-Maria MacDonald, “The Paradox of Bureaucratization: New Views on Progressive Era Teachers and the Development of a Woman's Profession,” History of Education Quarterly 39, no. 4 (Winter 1999): 427–53; Mehlman, Natalia, “Sex Ed… and the Reds? Reconsidering the Anaheim Battle over Sex Education, 1962–1969,” History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 2 (May 2007): 203–32; Olsen, Deborah M., “Remaking the Image: Promotional Literature of Mount Holyoke, Smith, and Wellesley Colleges in the Mid-to-Late 1940s,” History of Education Quarterly 40, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 418–59; Palmieri, Patricia, “Here Was Fellowship: A Social Portrait of Academic Women at Wellesley College, 1895–1920,” History of Education Quarterly 23, no. 2 (Summer 1983): 195–214; Perrillo, Joanna, “Beyond ‘Progressive’ Reform: Bodies, Disciplines, and the Construction of the ‘Professional Teacher’ in Interwar America,” History of Education Quarterly 44, no. 3 (Fall 2004): 337–63; and, Phillips, J.O.C., “The Education of Jane Addams,” History of Education Quarterly 14, no. 1 (Spring 1974): 49–67.Google Scholar

²⁹ Sahli, , “Smashing;” and Vicinus, “Distance and Desire.” See also, Inness, Sherrie A., “Mashes, Smashes, Crushes, and Raves: Woman-to-Woman Relationships in Popular Women's College Fiction, 1895–1915,” NWSA Journal 6, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 48–68; Martin, Robert K., “Scandal at Smith,” Radical Teacher 45 (1994): 4–8; and Schnur, James A., “Cold Warriors in the Hot Sunshine: USF and the Johns Committee,” Sunland Tribune 18 (November 1992): 9–15.Google Scholar

³⁰ The Johns Committee was the popular name for the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee. Stacy Braukman, “‘Nothing Else Matters But Sex': Cold War Narratives of Deviance and the Search for Lesbian Teachers in Florida, 1959–1963,” Feminist Studies 27, no. 3 (Fall 2001): 686–94; Rifkin, Mark, “Romancing Kinship: A Queer Reading of Indian Education and Zitkala-Sa's American Indian Stories,” GLQ:A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 12, no. 1 (2006): 27–59.Google Scholar

³¹ See Blount, Jackie M., “From Exemplar to Deviant: Same-sex Relationships among Women Superintendents, 1909–1976,” Educational Studies 35, no. 2 (2004): 686–94; Blount, , “Spinsters, Bachelors, and Other Gender Transgressors;” Blount, “Manliness and the Gendered Construction of School Administration in the USA,” International Journal of Leadership in Education: Theory and Practice 2, no. 2 (1999): 55–68; Blount, , “Manly Men and Womanly Women;” Patrick Dilley, “20^th Century Postsecondary Practices and Policies to Control Gay Students,” Review of Higher Education 25, no. 4 (Summer 2002): 409–31; Graves, Karen L., “Doing the Public's Business: Florida's Purge of Gay and Lesbian Teachers,” Educational Studies 41, no. 1 (February 2007): 7–32; Lugg, Catherine A., “Thinking about Sodomy: Public Schools, Legal Panopticons, and Queers,” Educational Policy 20, no. 1 (2006): 35–58; Lugg, , “Our Straight-laced Administrators: LGBT School Administrators, the Law, and the Assimilationist Imperative,” Journal of School Leadership 13, no. 1 (2003): 51–85; Lugg, , “Sissies, Faggots, Lezzies, and Dykes: Gender, Sexual Orientation, and a New Politics of Education?” Educational Administration Quarterly 39, no. 1 (2003): 95–134; Lugg, , “The Religious Right and Public Education: The Paranoid Politics of Homophobia,” Educational Policy 12, no. 3 (1998): 267–83; and Griffin, Pat and Ouelett, Mathew, “From Silence to Safety and Beyond: Historical Trends in Addressing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Issues in K-12 Schools,” Equity & Excellence in Education 36, no. 2 (June 2003): 106–14.Google Scholar

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³⁴ The essays, in order of publication are Vern Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, “Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century English Public Schools,” in Homosexuality in International Perspective, eds., Joseph Harry and Man Sing Das (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1980), 686–94; Oram, Alison, “‘Embittered, Sexless, or Homosexual': Attacks on Spinster Teachers, 1918–1939,” in Not a Passing Phase: Reclaiming Lesbians in History 1840–1985, ed., Lesbian History Group (London: The Women's Press, 1989), 99–118; Martin, Robert A. (“Stephen Donaldson”), “Student Homophile League: Founder's Retrospect,” in Homosexuality and Government, Politics, and Prisons (Studies in Homosexuality), eds., Dynes, Wayne R. and Donaldson, Stephen, vol. 10 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992), 258–61; Schnur, James A., “Closet Crusaders: The Johns Committee and Homophobia, 1956–1965,” in Carryin’ On In the Lesbian and Gay South, ed., Howard, John (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 132–63; Blount, Jackie M. and Anahita, Sine, “The Historical Regulation of Sexuality and Gender of Students and Teachers: An Intertwined Legacy,” in Youth and Sexualities: Pleasure, Subversion, and Insubordination In and Out of Schools, eds., Rasmussen, Mary Louise, Rofes, Eric, and Talburt, Susan (New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2004), 63–83; and, Graves, Karen L., “Containing the Perimeter: Dynamics of Race, Sexual Orientation, and the State in the 1950s and ‘60s,” in The History of Discrimination in U.S. Education: Marginality, Agency, and Power, ed., Tamura, Eileen (New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2008), 41–66.Google Scholar

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³⁶ Duggan, Lisa, “Lesbianism and American History: A Brief Source Review,” Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 80. See also Dean, Carolyn, “Queer History,” review of Queer Fictions of the Past: History, Culture, and Difference, by Scott Bravmann, History and Theory 38, no. 1 (February 1999): 127.Google Scholar

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³⁸ See, for example, Inness, “Mashes, Smashes, Crushes, and Raves”; Sahli, “Smashing”; Vicinus, “Distance and Desire”; Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, “‘Nous Autres': Reading, Passion, and the Creation of Thomas, M. Carey,” Journal of American History 79, no. 1 (June 1992): 68–95; Horowitz, The Power and Passion of M. Carey Thomas (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); Sehwarz, Judith, “Yellow Clover: Katharine Lee Bates and Katharine Coman,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies 4, no. 1 (1979): 59–67; and, Wells, Anna Mary, Miss Marks and Miss Woolley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978).Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ See Behind Closed Doors: The Dark Legacy of the Johns Committee, videotape, produced by Beutke, Allyson A. and Litvack, Scott (Gainesville: Documentary Institute in the College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, 2000); Braukman, , “‘Nothing Else Matters But Sex”’; Cowan, “Sex and the Security State”; Gidney, “Under the President's Gaze”; Graves, And They Were Wonderful Teachers; Graves, “Containing the Perimeter”; Graves, “‘Doing the Public's Business”’; Graves, “Confronting a ‘Climate of Raucous and Carnival Invasion”’; Harbeck, Gay and Lesbian Educators; Schnur, “Closet Crusaders”; Schnur, “Cold Warriors in the Hot Sunshine”; Weiner, “The Case of Martha Deane”; and, Wright, Harvard's Secret Court. Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Rupp, “‘Imagine My Surprise.” 407–09. An important text is D'Emilio, John and Freedman, Estelle B., Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997 [1988]).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Palmieri, Patricia Ann, In Adamless Eden: The Community of Women Faculty at Wellesley (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 138. See also Horowitz, “The Power and Passion of M. Carey Thomas; Jana Nidiffer's account of Boston Marriages,” in Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States, ed., Eisenmann, Linda (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 52–54; and Rousmaniere, Kate, Citizen Teacher: The Life and Leadership of Margaret Haley (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005).Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ In 2009, noted, Gerda Lerner, “the life I… led before I became an academic affected the questions I asked as a historian…. the social struggle[s] in which I engaged as an academic woman informed my thinking.” See Living with History/Making Social Change, 1. Although the point is debatable, many historians acknowledge that one's life experiences influence, to some degree, the type of historical inquiries one pursues.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Brooks, David, quoted in Rampell, “They Did Their Homework.”Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Emphasis added. Sylla, Richard, quoted in Rampell, “They Did Their Homework.”Google Scholar

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⁷⁶ Hall, Queer Theories, 21.Google Scholar

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