Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T06:15:36.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reforms and Response: The Yale Report of 1828

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Extract

Scarcely had American independence been won in 1783 than a flood of articles, pamphlets, and books asked what should be the functions of education in a republic? The American Philosophic Society offered a prize for the best proposal of a liberal education suited to the genius of the new American nation. George Washington, Robert Coran, Benjamin Rush, William Smith, Francis Hopkinson, and Jonathan Trumball all called for a new education for the new republic. Regarding higher education, they all agreed that education must be more than a mere adornment; it must have a practical bent. Benjamin Rush wrote:

We occupy a new country. Our principle business should be to explore and apply its resources, all of which press us to enterprize [sic] and haste. Under these circumstances, to spend four or five years in learning two dead languages, is to turn our backs upon a gold mine, in order to amuse ouselves catching butterflies.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1965, University of Pittsburgh Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Boorstin, Daniel, The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1948), 221.Google Scholar

2. Schmidt, George P., “Colleges in Ferment,” American Historical Review, LIX (1953), 20.Google Scholar

3. View of the Course of Study,” Quarterly Register and Journal of the American Education Society, I (1829), 228–32.Google Scholar

4. Schmidt, George P., “Intellectual Crosscurrents in American Colleges, 1825–1855,” American Historical Review, XLII (1936), 47.Google Scholar

5. Inaugural Address, 1825, quoted in Ibid., 57.Google Scholar

6. Turk, Milton H., “Without Classical Studies,” The Journal of Higher Education, IV (1933), 345.Google Scholar

7. The Substance of Two Reports of the Faculty of Amherst College to the Board of Trustees, with the Doings of the Board Thereon,” The North American Review, XXVIII (1829), 294311, passim.Google Scholar

8. Boorstin, , op. cit., 217.Google Scholar

9. Ibid., 220–1.Google Scholar

10. Ibid., 289, n. 46.Google Scholar

11. Jefferson to Ticknor, , July 7, 1823, quoted in Richard Hofstadter and Wilson Smith, American Higher Education: A Documentary History (Chicago, 1961), I, 267.Google Scholar

12. Quoted in Phillips, D. E., “The Elective System in American Education,” The Pedagogical Seminary, VIII (1901), 209.Google Scholar

13. Remarks on Changes Lately Proposed or Adopted in Harvard University (Boston, 1825), 6.Google Scholar

14. Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White (London, 1905), I, 26.Google Scholar

15. Professor Clark, W. G., quoted in William P. Atkinson, The Liberal Education of the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1873), 6.Google Scholar

16. Eliot Morison, Samuel, Three Centuries of Harvard (Boston, 1936), 228.Google Scholar

17. Ticknor, , op. cit., passim. Google Scholar

18. Morison, , op. cit., 236.Google Scholar

19. Mason, John M., quoted in George P. Schmidt, The Old Time College President (New York, 1930), 98.Google Scholar

20. Freeman Butts, R., The College Charts Its Course (New York, 1939), 117.Google Scholar

21. Published as “Original Papers in relation to a Course of Liberal Education,” The American Journal of Science and Arts, XV (1829), 297351. Hereafter cited as Report.Google Scholar

22. Report, 299.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., 300.Google Scholar

24. Hofstadter, Richard and DeWitt Hardy, C., The Development and Scope of Higher Education in the United States (New York, 1952), 10ff.Google Scholar

25. Barnard, F. A. P., “On Improvements Practicable in American Colleges,” The American Journal of Education, I (1856), 179. We can be sure that President Day was familiar with the faculty psychology, since he published two works on the subject.Google Scholar

26. Quoted in Duffus, R. L., Democracy Enters College (New York, 1936), 17.Google Scholar

27. It should be remembered that in the early nineteenth century, students generally entered college at a much younger age than at present. Undergraduate spirit often manifested itself in tying the president's cow in chapel, setting fires, and throwing bombs. “Anything like adult behavior of a scholar at a university was still a rarity.” (Schmidt, “Colleges in Ferment,” 20.)Google Scholar

28. Report, 308.Google Scholar

29. Ibid., 312–13.Google Scholar

30. Ibid., 315.Google Scholar

31. Ibid., 330.Google Scholar

32. Barnard, , op. cit., 179.Google Scholar

33. Pierson, George W., Yale College, 1871–1921 (New Haven, 1952), 58.Google Scholar

34. Characteristics of the American College,” The American Journal of Education, IX (1860), 122.Google Scholar

35. Quoted in Atkinson, op. cit., 5.Google Scholar

36. Report, 332.Google Scholar

37. Ibid., 333.Google Scholar

38. Greek and a Liberal Education,” Princeton Review, XL (1884), 195218.Google Scholar

39. Schmidt, George P., The Liberal Arts College (New Brunswick, 1957), 56–7.Google Scholar

40. Ibid., 54.Google Scholar

41. Butler, Vera M., Education as Revealed by New England Newspapers Prior to 1850 (Philadelphia, 1935), 155.Google Scholar

42. Classical Study,” The Quarterly Review and Journal of the American Education Society, I (1829), 206, 209.Google Scholar

43. Barnard, , op. cit., 177.Google Scholar

44. Schmidt, , Liberal Arts College, 57.Google Scholar

45. Rudolph, Frederick, The American College and University (New York, 1962), 132.Google Scholar

46. For figures, see Schmidt, “Intellectual Crosscurrents,” 53n.Google Scholar

47. Felt Tyler, Alice, Freedom's Ferment (Minneapolis, 1944), 255.Google Scholar

48. Schmidt, , Old Time College Presidents, 146.Google Scholar

49. Brubacher, John S. and Rudy, Willis, Higher Education in Transition (New York, 1958), 71.Google Scholar

50. Schmidt, “Intellectual Crosscurrents,” 66.Google Scholar

51. Schmidt, , Liberal Arts College, 51–8 passim.Google Scholar

52. For good discussion of this reaction, see Joseph Blau, Men and Movements in American Philosophy (New York, 1952), chap. 9.Google Scholar

53. Ibid., 80.Google Scholar

54. Op. cit., I, 27.Google Scholar

55. Address on Fiftieth Anniversary of Founding of Alpha Delta Phi at Amherst, June 28, 1887, quoted in Claude Moore Fuess, Amherst (Boston, 1935), 100.Google Scholar

56. Barnard, , op. cit., 174.Google Scholar

57. Becker, Carl, Cornell University: Founders and the Founding (Ithaca, 1943), 20.Google Scholar

58. Report, 346.Google Scholar

59. An Historical Discourse pronounced before the Graduates of Yale College, August 14, 1850; One Hundred and Fifty Years after the Founding of that Institution (New Haven, 1850), 94.Google Scholar

60. Schmidt, , Liberal Arts College, 67. The famed Biblical scholar Charles Hodge, in the fiftieth year of his teaching at Princeton, noted with pride that not a single new idea had come out of Princeton in the 50 years that he had been there.Google Scholar

61. See particularly chap. 3 of Hutchins, The Higher Learning in America (New Haven, 1936).Google Scholar

62. Boroff, Daniel, “St. John's College: Four Years with the Great Books,” Saturday Review, XLVI, No. 12 (March 23, 1963), 58ff.Google Scholar