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⁶⁷ This perspective, which has played prominently in history of education literature, is that “when one group in society designs policy for another, the result will prove intrusive and to some degree authoritarian.” Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform: 1890–1935 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 163. Flanagan, Maureen A. makes a similar case for progressive reformers in America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivism, 1890s-1920s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). For rural blacks, a centralized public school system that diminished local control and with it efforts by communities to improve their own schools could be detrimental to progress. Many high-quality private institutions for southern blacks were converted to public schools that focused on industrial education, or closed down altogether in the name of educational progress.Google Scholar

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¹¹² Fairclough, Adam, Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 44.Google Scholar

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