1 Rolfe, William J. “Amherst Fifty Years Ago,“ in An Amherst Book ed. Riley, Herbert E. (New York: Republic Press, 1896), 60–65; on the town, see Gross, Robert A. “Lonesome in Eden: Dickinson, Thoreau, and the Problem of Community in Nineteenth-Century New England,” The Canadian Review of American Studies 14 (Spring 1983): 1-17. For enrollments, see Catalog of the Officers and Students of Amherst College, for the Academical Year 1850-1851 (Amherst: J.S. and C. Adams, 1851) in the Higgins, Kenneth P. College History Room, Amherst College Archives and Special Collections [hereafter ACA].Google Scholar

2 King, Stanley 'The Consecrated Eminence': The Story of the Campus and Buildings of Amherst College (Amherst: Amherst College Press, 1951), 52–114; The Olio [hereafter TO] September 1866, 3-4, ACA;. As they were published under various volumes, I have cited the most precise publication date. Catalog…for the Academical Year 1880-1881 (Amherst: Williams, J.E. 1879), 5-6.Google Scholar

3 Leslie, W. Bruce Gentlemen and Scholars: College and Community in the “Age of the University,” 1865-1917 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992); Geiger, Roger L. “Introduction: New Themes in the History of Nineteenth-Century Colleges,” in The American College in the Nineteenth Century ed. Geiger, Roger L. (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2000), 1-36. Much work has appeared since the 1970s to qualify the “old college” stereotype. See: Sloan, Douglas “Harmony, Chaos, and Consensus: The American College Curriculum,” Teachers College Record 73 (Dec. 1971): 221-252; McLachlan, James “The American College in the Nineteenth Century: Towards a Reappraisal,” Teachers College Record 80 (Dec. 1978): 287-306; Peterson, George E. The New England College in the Age of the University (Amherst: Amherst College Press, 1964); Allmendinger, David F. Jr., Paupers and Scholars: The Transformation of Student Life in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975); Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures From the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1987).Google Scholar

4 Tyler, William S. A History of Amherst College During the Administrations of its First Five Presidents, From 1821 to 1891 (New York: F.H. Hitchcock, 1895), 1–26 discusses the founding. Fuess, Claude M. Amherst: The Story of a New England College (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1935), 1-73, is a solid institutional history. Duc, Thomas Le Piety and Intellect at Amherst College, 1865-1912 (New York: Arno Press, 1969) focuses on the faculty's drift towards Positivism and experimental science.Google Scholar

5 Fuess, Amherst, 130–135; Tyler, History of Amherst College…From 1821 to 1891, 80-86; Struik, Dirk J. Yankee Science in the Making (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 216, 380-383.Google Scholar

6 Tyler, William S. History of Amherst College During its First Half-Century (Springfield, MA: Clark W. Bryand & Company, 1873), 314; Petition to the Trustees of Amherst College in Quaife, Milo M. “Some Boltwood-Shepard Family Papers,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 30 (March 1944): 551-564, 553; Notebook of Ebenezer Small Snell, 1845-1847, box 6, Snell Family Papers, 1793-1940, ACA.Google Scholar

7 Hitchcock, Edward Religious Lectures on Peculiar Phenomena in the Four Seasons (Amherst: n.p., 1851), 65–66; Fiske, Nathaniel “The Value of Mental Philosophy to the Minister of the Gospel,” in Memoir of Reverend Nathaniel W. Fiske ed. Humphrey, Heman (Amherst: n.p., 1850), 323. An excellent study of the Unity of Truth is Reuben, Julie A. The Making of the Modern University: Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 17-35.Google Scholar

8 Discourses and Addresses at the Installation and Inauguration of the Reverend William A. Stearns, DD (Amherst: J.S. and C. Adams, 1855), 89; Haynes, Carolyn A. Divine Destiny: Gender and Race in Nineteenth Century Protestantism (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1998), 97-98.Google Scholar

9 Autograph Book of the Class of 1858, box 8, Snell Papers, ACA; Cutting, George Rugg Student Life at Amherst College (Amherst: Hatch & Williams, 1871), 107; Remembrance of Amherst: An Undergraduates’ Diary, 1846-1848 ed. Whicher, George F. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), 177. This is a record of Hammond, William G. ‘48. Richard Hofstadter put forth the “Great Retrogression” thesis with Walter P. Metzger in The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), 209-222.Google Scholar

10 Amherst Collegiate Magazine [hereafter ACM], III (February 1856), 80–81, ACA; 51 of 66 freshmen in 1854 hailed from New England. See Catalogue…for the Academical Year 1854-1855 (Amherst: J.S. and C. Adams, 1854), 7-15. On poor students, see Allmendinger, Paupers and Scholars, 134-136; Rudolph, Frederick Mark Hopkins and the Log: Williams College, 1836-1872 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), 62-85; Tobias, Marilyn Old Dartmouth on Trial: The Transformation of the Academic Community in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: New York University Press, 1982), 54-81; Geiger, “New Themes,” 16-24.Google Scholar

11 Whicher, Remembrance of Amherst, 199; Rolfe, “Amherst Fifty Years Ago,“ 61. On antebellum campuses, see Smith, Wilson “Apologia pro Alma Mater: The College as Community in Antebellum America,“ in The Hofstadter Aegis: A Memorial eds. Elkins, Stanley and McKitrick, Eric (New York: Knopf, 1974), 125–153.Google Scholar

12 Manuscript letter of Barnum, H.N. 26 March 1869 in Tyler, History of Amherst College During its First Half Century, 340; The Amherst Diary of William Otis Carr, 1853-1857 ed. Spinney, Frank O. (Guilford, CT: Shoreline Times, 1940), 16; Cutting, Student Life, 122.Google Scholar

13 Whicher, Remembrance of Amherst, 44. On student societies, see Cutting, Student Life, 9-13; The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1854-1861 eds. Sutton Smith, Susan and Hayford, Harrison (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1978), 14: 247. On fraternities, see Brubacher, John S. and Rudy, Willis Higher Education in Transition: An American History 1636-1956 (New York: Harper, 1958), 116-135 and Horowitz, Campus Life. Calculations of fraternity men in Phi Beta Kappa drawn from Amherst College: Biographical Record of the Graduates and Non-Graduates, Centennial Edition 1821-1921 eds. Fletcher, Robert S. and Young, Malcolm O. (Amherst: Amherst College Press, 1927), 142-410. From 1850 to 1855, 4 of 48 Delta Kappa Epsilons (8 percent) and 27 of 41 Alpha Delta Phis (66 percent) were Phi Beta Kappa.Google Scholar

14 Whicher, Remembrance of Amherst, 137; quote on Stearns in King, 'The Consecrated Eminence', 52; ACM, II (February 1855), 109.Google Scholar

15 Discourses and Addresses at the Installation… of… Stearns, 83; Smith and Hayford Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, 14:247.Google Scholar

16 Hitchcock, Edward “Amherst Commencement Fifty Years Ago,“ in An Amherst Book, 72. See also Whicher, Remembrance of Amherst, 237. On Commencement, see Springfield Republican, 9 August 1854 in The Years and Hours of Emily Dickinson ed. Leyda, Jay (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960), 1:311 and Cutting, Student Life, 80-88.Google Scholar

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20 Hopkins quoted in Rudolph, Mark Hopkins and the Log, 93; for accounts of indifferent students in chapel, see ACM, I (October 1853), 180; Whicher, Remembrance of Amherst, 183. On non-church members, see Tyler, A History of Amherst College … From 1821 to 1891, 271-287Google Scholar

21 1855 Journal of the Reverend George Washburn in Tyler, History of Amherst College…From 1821 to 1891, 281; Spinney, Amherst Diary, 16; Susan Margaret Metzger, “Upon This Rock: A History of Religion at Amherst College,” (B.A. thesis, Amherst College, 1994). For relevant discussions of revivals, see Sloan, “Harmony, Chaos and Consensus” and Hansen, Karen V. A Very Social Time: Crafting Community in Antebellum New England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 153-158; Smith, Timothy L. Revivalism and Social Reform in Mid-Nineteenth Century America, (New York: Abington Press, 1957); Weisberger, Bernard The Gathered of the River, (Boston: Little Brown, 1958).Google Scholar

22 Tyler, History of Amherst College During its First Half-Century, 445 458; Rolfe, “Amherst Fifty Years Ago,“ 61.Google Scholar

23 Tyler, History of Amherst College … From 1821 to 1891, 89; Tyler, History of Amherst College During its First Half-Century, 329. See also Horowitz, Campus Life, 53-54.Google Scholar

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25 ACM, III (February 1856), 219; ACM, IX (September 1861), 10-12.Google Scholar

26 Tyler, History of Amherst College During its First Half-Century, 391–392; ACM, IX (November 1861), 116–117; Catalog … for the Academical Year 1859-1860 (Amherst: Marsh, Henry A. 1859), 26-27. By the 1864-1865 school year, the list of prizes offered covered two pages of the school catalog: Catalog … for the year 1864-1865 (Springfield: Bowles, S. 1864), 26-27. On private benefactors, see Rudolph, Frederick The American College and University: A History (New York: Knopf, 1962), 179. On the appeal of midcentury colleges, see Potts, David B. “Curriculum and Enrollment: Assessing the Popularity of Antebellum Colleges,” in Geiger, American College, 37-45.Google Scholar

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29 “Amherst's First Baseball Game,” Amherst Graduates’ Quarterly [hereafter AGQ]. 22 (February 1917): 101–107, 104.Google Scholar

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31 Lawrence, William A. “The Enlistment of the Class of 1861,“ AGQ 24 (August 1917): 235–236; Fuess, Amherst, 187-191.Google Scholar

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33 McCosh quoted in Leslie, Gentlemen and Scholars, 107; Tower, Walter L. A Glance at Amherst Athletics (Amherst: Amherst College Press, 1935), 4. Townsend, Kim Manhood at Harvard: William James and Others (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Seelye, Julius H. to Hitchcock, Edward Jr., 26 July 1861, box 8, Edward and Mary Judson Hitchcock Family Papers, ACA.Google Scholar

34 Marley, Herbert Small “Amherst's First Game of Intercollegiate Baseball,“ AGQ 23 (May 1917): 171–174. See generally Adelman, Melvin L. A Sporting Time: New York City and the Rise of Modern Athletics, 1820-1870 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986) and Rudolph, American College and University, chapter 18. Google Scholar

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39 Valedictory Oration of Emerson, Benjamin K. 14 July 1865, box 5, Benjamin K. Emerson Papers, ACA; Undated Phrenological Exam by Professor Seelye, box 6, Emerson Papers, ACA; Fuess, Amherst, 179; Tyler, William S. “Professor Seelye's Nomination and Succession to the Presidency of Amherst College,“ 14 November 1881, box 11, Julius H. Seelye Papers, ACA.Google Scholar

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43 Stearns quoted in Newmann, “Influence of German Universities,” 61; Le Duc, Piety and Intellect; Peterson, New England College, 70-71. See in general Meyer, D.H. “American Intellectuals and the Victorian Crisis of Faith,“ in Victorian America ed. Walker Howe, Daniel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976), 59–77.Google Scholar

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