¹ Sources were drawn from oral histories of twenty-three retired teachers who taught in New York City schools in the 1920s, and are supported by other oral histories of American teachers. See Kate Rousmaniere, “City Teachers: Teaching in New York City Schools in the 1920s” (Ph.D. diss., Teachers College, Columbia University, 1992); Rinehart, Alice Duffy Mortals in the Immortal Profession: An Oral History of Teaching (New York, 1983); Courtney Ann Vaughn-Roberson, “Having a Purpose in Life: Western Women Teachers in the Twentieth Century,” Nelson, Margaret K. “The Intersection of Home and Work: Rural Vermont Schoolteachers, 1915–1950,” and Quantz, Richard “The Complex Vision of Female Teachers and the Failure of Unionization in the 1930s,” in The Teacher's Voice: A Social History of Teaching in Twentieth-Century America, ed. Altenbaugh, Richard J. (London, 1992).Google Scholar

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⁸ Quoted in Hoffman, Nancy Woman's “True” Profession: Voices from the History of Teaching (Old Westbury, N.Y., 1981), 10; National Education Association, “Requirements Affecting Appointment, Retention, and Promotion of Teachers,” Research Bulletin 6 (Sep. 1928): 213–24; Markowitz, Ruth Jacknow My Daughter, the Teacher: Jewish Teachers in the New York City Schools (New Brunswick, N.J., 1993), 133–35.Google Scholar

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¹² Quoted in Ludington, Townsend ed., The Fourteenth Chronicle: Letters and Diaries of John Dos Passos (Boston, 1973), 308; Sinclair, Upton The Goslings: A Study of American Schools (Pasadena, Calif., 1924), 63; Mailer, Julius B. School and Community: A Study of the Demographic and Economic Background of Education in the State of New York (New York, 1938), 135–38; Rousmaniere, “City Teachers,” 119–28.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ Quoted in Armstrong, Mary Gilpin “Why Aren't More Teachers Really Happy?“ New York Evening Post, 21 Jan. 1922; School Survey Committee, Survey of the Public School System, City of New York, 1924 (New York, 1924), 1402.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Marsh, Alice interview with the author, Jackson Heights, N.Y., 4 Jan. 1991; McNab interview.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ross interview; Meyer interview.Google Scholar

²⁸ McNab interview.Google Scholar

²⁹ Ibid.; Meyer interview.Google Scholar

³⁰ Ross interview; Meyer interview; Lorraine Skidmore, interview with the author, Litchfield, Conn., 22 Nov. 1989; Cowan and Cowan, Our Parents’ Lives, 87.Google Scholar

³¹ McNab interview. Similar relationships with parents were described by other teachers in interviews with the author: Stern, Rose Forest Hills, N.Y. 31 Oct. 1989; Rosoff, Mollie New York, N.Y., 6 Sep. 1990; and Meyer interview.Google Scholar

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