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³ Brubacher, John S. and Rudy, Willis, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities, 1636–1976 (New York, 1976), 142.Google Scholar

⁴ Jefferson, to Roscoe, William, 27 Dec. 1820, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, Andrew A. and Bergh, Albert Ellery, 20 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1903–1904), 15:303.Google Scholar

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⁶ Jefferson's antipathy to the doctrines of Federalism and his lingering bitterness from earlier struggles with Alexander Hamilton and John Marshall culminated in a resolve to keep Federalist political views from contaminating the minds of Virginia students. In an effort to insure that students of law and government at Virginia would be exposed to “proper” political ideas, the Visitors of the university agreed to prescribe certain texts, i.e., Locke's, John Second Treatise on Government, Sydney's, Algernon Discourses on Government, the Federalist papers, the Declaration of Independence, and James Madison's Virginia Resolutions of 1798. At Madison's suggestion, George Washington's “Farewell Address” was added to the list. See Levy, Leonard W., Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 151–57. Standard sources on Jefferson's ideas concerning the University of Virginia include Bruce, Philip A., History of the University of Virginia, 1819–1919: The Lengthened Shadow of One Man (New York, 1920); Adams, Herbert Baxter, Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia (Washington, D.C., 1888); and Patton, John S., Jefferson, Cabell, and the University of Virginia (New York, 1906). See also Malone, Dumas, Jefferson and His Time (Boston, 1981), vol. 6, The Sage of Monticello, 417–18.Google Scholar

⁷ See Wyatt-Brown, Bertram, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York, 1982); and Ayers, Edward L., Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-century American South (New York, 1984).Google Scholar

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⁹ Bourdieu, Pierre, “The Sentiment of Honor in Kabyte Society,” in Honor and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society, ed. Peristiany, Jean G. (London, 1966), 212.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Jefferson, to Carr, Peter, 19 Aug. 1785, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, Julian P., 21 vols. (Princeton, N.J., 1950-), 8:406. Cf. Wyatt-Brown, , Southern Honor, 99.Google Scholar

²⁰ Jefferson, to Carr, , 6 Aug. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 13:470. Cf. Wyatt-Brown, , Southern Honor, 100. That Jefferson could indeed feel the pangs of conscience and contemplate God's judgment is pointedly suggested in his musings on the injustice of slavery and his statement: “Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice cannot sleep for ever….” Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Peden, William (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1954), 163.Google Scholar

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³⁰ “Riotous, disorderly, intemperate, or indecent conduct,” fighting, or giving or accepting a challenge to a duel were among offenses that could warrant immediate suspension or expulsion by action of the faculty. Enactments by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (Charlottesville, 1825), 8–9.Google Scholar

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³³ Throughout the 1825 to 1860 period Virginia students paid $75 a session for tuition. Comparable figures for other colleges in the 1830s and 1840s include Harvard, $71; South Carolina, $50; and Yale, Princeton, and Alabama, $40. Total expenses for Virginia students (including room, board, supplies, and personal expenses as well as tuition) reached into and above the $400 level, roughly twice the amount estimated to be the annual cost of an education in the 1840s at Yale, Princeton, and Harvard. See Wall, , “Student Life at U. Va.,” 66–67; and Earnest, Ernest P., Academic Procession: An Informal History of the American College, 1636 to 1953 (Indianapolis, 1953); and Allmendinger, , Paupers and Scholars, 50–51.Google Scholar

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³⁵ See ibid., 35; and Stone, Lawrence, “The Size and Composition of the Oxford Student Body, 1850–1910,” in The University in Society, ed. Stone, Lawrence, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J., 1974), 1:74.Google Scholar

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³⁷ Wall, , “Student Life at U. Va.,” 49–54. Apparently without exaggeration a student wrote his father in 1853 that “many state [scholarship] students here are heirs to estates of considerable value“ Wall contends that a number of the scholarship students were sons of Virginia gentry who had met with financial setbacks or failures or were temporarily short of available cash for college expenses. See ibid., 64; and St. George Cooke, Edward to Cooke, John R., 11 Dec. 1853, Edward St. George Cooke Collection, Accession no. 2974, Manuscripts Department, University of Virginia Library.Google Scholar

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³⁹ The University of Virginia did not offer customary academic degrees at the time of its founding except for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Rather, a student who could pass a rigorous examination in one or more of the schools of the university could qualify for a diploma that declared him to be a “Graduate of the University of Virginia.” Jefferson intended that the diploma signify advanced or graduate level accomplishment. The Master of Arts degree was instituted in 1832 and was bestowed upon any student who earned diplomas in ancient languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and moral philosophy. The Bachelor of Laws degree was introduced in 1840 and by 1848 the university admitted to the necessity of establishing the Bachelor of Arts degree. See Bruce, , History,2:135–40; and Patton, , Jefferson, Cabell, and the University, 326–31.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ The University of Virginia's social appeal as a “finishing school” was noted by its description as “the ne plus ultra—the overtopping climacteric of a polite education” in “The University: Its Character and Wants,” Southern Literacy Messenger, 23 (Sept. 1856): 241.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ Ibid., 295; see also Wall, , “Student Life at U. Va.,” 91–95.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Bruce, , History, 2:144–49, 299. Professors Long and Key did not in fact resign in this instance, but their action did signal a decided strain between them and the other professors as well as the students. Key left the University of Virginia after two years and Long after three, both to become professors in the newly established University of London. See also Malone, , The Sage of Monticello, 485.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ Except for a brief period of deviation during the 1832–33 session, this principle remained inviolate, thus making the detection and disciplining of offenders a trying task. Wall, , “Student Life at U. Va.,” 187.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ In addition to countless minor disturbances and clashes, serious rebellions occurred in 1825, 1832, 1833, 1836, and 1845. See Wall, , “Student Life at U. Va.,” chap. 6.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Ibid., 213–14.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ The accused student, Joseph Semmes, is reported by Bruce to have later “perished miserably in Texas.” However, the Semi-Centennial Catalogue lists Semmes as a suicide in his home state of Georgia. Bruce, , History, 2:311; Students of the University of Virginia: A Semi-Centennial Catalogue with Brief Biographical Sketches, ed. de Vere, Schele (Baltimore, 1878).Google Scholar

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