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Growing Up Black: Perspectives on the History of Education in Northern Ghettos

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

David B. Tyack
David B. Tyack*
Affiliation:
Stanford University
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Extract

Two facts, I am sure, are evident to all of us. We desperately need an appraisal of the history of education in northern black ghettos, but because of the incredible lack of research on this subject in the past we can only dimly perceive the outlines such a study might take. Consequently, I should like to suggest a few leading questions which might guide this investigation and to indicate some of the sources to which historians might turn for evidence and insights. Let me stress the speculative and tentative character of this essay.

Type
Urban Education II
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 9 , Issue 3 , Fall 1969 , pp. 287 - 297
Copyright
Copyright © 1969 by New York University 

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References

1. Some perspectives of schoolmen on urban schools and the educational needs and characteristics of black pupils:

Crowley, Mary R., “Cincinnati's Experiment in Negro Education: A Comparative Study of the Segregated and Mixed School,” Journal of Negro Education., I (April 1932), 25–33.Google Scholar
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Thorndike, E. L., “Intelligence Scores of Colored Pupils in High Schools,” School and Society, XVIII (November 10, 1923), 569–70.Google Scholar

Education as seen in black newspapers and magazines:

“Agitation Unnecessary: No Danger of Philadelphia School Board Establishing Separate Schools,” The New York Age, November 5, 1908, p. 5.Google Scholar
Ayer, Gertrude Elise. “Notes on My Native Sons: Education in Harlem,” Freedomways, III (Summer 1963), 375–83.Google Scholar
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“Chicago's Impartial Schools: From Kindergarten to University, All Races Are Welcome,” The New York Age, April 5, 1906, p. 7.Google Scholar
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Autobiographical and literary accounts of growing up black:

Brown, Claude. Manchild in the Promised Land. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965.Google Scholar
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Johnson, James Weldon. Along This Way. New York: Viking Press, 1933.Google Scholar
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Sociological, political, and psychological studies:

Blascoer, Frances. Colored School Children in New York. New York: Association of the City of New York, 1915.Google Scholar
Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922.Google Scholar
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Davis, Allison, and Dollard, John. Children of Bondage: The Personality Development of Negro Youth in the Urban South. Washington, D. C.: American Council on Education, 1947.Google Scholar
Davis, Allison, et al. Deep South. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941.Google Scholar
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DuBois, W. E. B., The Philadelphia Negro. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1899.Google Scholar
Frazier, E. Franklin. Negro Youth at the Crossways. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazier, E. Franklin. The Negro Family in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.Google Scholar
Gittell, Marilyn, and Edward Hollander, T., Six Urban School Districts. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.Google Scholar
Grier, William H., and Cobbs, Price M., Black Rage. New York: Basic Books, 1968.Google Scholar
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Johnson, Charles S., Growing Up in the Black Belt. New York: American Council on Education, 1940.Google Scholar
Johnson, Charles S., Shadow of the Plantation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.Google Scholar
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Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Row, 1944.Google Scholar
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Reid, Ira De A., In a Minor Key: Negro Youth in Story and Fact. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1940.Google Scholar
Rogers, David. 110 Livingston Street: Politics and Bureaucracy in the New York City School System. New York: Random House, 1968.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, Doxey A., et al. “The Negro in American Education: A Research Memorandum,” Typescript prepared for Carnegie-Myrdal Study, The Negro in America , 1940. Schomburg Collection, New York Public Library.Google Scholar

Some relevant historical studies:

Baron, Harold. “History of Chicago School Segregation to 1953,” Integrated Education, I (January 1963), 17.Google Scholar
Bond, Horace Mann. Education of the Negro in the American Social Order. New York: Prentice Hall, 1934.Google Scholar
Ellison, Ralph. “William Lewis Bulkley.” WPA research paper, Schomburg Collection, New York City Public Library.Google Scholar
Fishel, Leslie H., “The North and the Negro, 1865-1900: A Study in Race Discrimination.” Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Ph. D. thesis, 1953.Google Scholar
Grace, Alonzo B., “The Effect of Negro Migration on the Cleveland Public School System.” Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University Ph. D. dissertation, 1932.Google Scholar
Meier, August, and Rudwick, Elliott. “Early Boycotts of Segregated Schools: The Alton, Illinois Case, 1897-1908,” Journal of Negro Education, XXXVI (Fall 1967), 394–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, August, and Rudwick, Elliott. “Early Boycotts of Segregated Schools: The Case of Springfield, Ohio, 1922-23,” American Quarterly, XX (Winter 1968), 744–58.Google Scholar
Meier, August, and Rudwick, Elliott. “Early Boycotts of Segregated Schools: The East Orange, New Jersey, Experience, 1899-1906,” History of Education Quarterly, VII (Spring 1967), 22–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osofsky, Gilbert. Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.Google Scholar
Osofsky, Gilbert. “The Enduring Ghetto,” Journal of American History, LV (September 1968), 243–55.Google Scholar
Reddick, L. D., “The Education of Negroes in States Where Separate Schools Are Not Legal,” Journal of Negro Education, XVI (Summer 1947), 290–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Richard. Twelve Million Black Voices. New York: The Viking Press, 1941.Google Scholar

Miscellaneous:

Addams, Jane, and Riis, Jacob. “The Negro in the Cities of the North,” Charities and the Commons, October-May 1905-1906.Google Scholar
Baker, Ray Stannard. Following the Color Line. New York: Doubleday and Page, 1908.Google Scholar
Bulkley, William L., “The Industrial Condition of the Negro in New York City,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, XXVII (1906), 590–96.Google Scholar
Bulkley, William L., “The School as a Social Center,” Charities, XV (October 7, 1905), 76–78.Google Scholar
Joseph, Stephen M., ed. The Me Nobody Knows: Children's Voices from the Ghetto. New York: Avon Books, 1969.Google Scholar
Kohl, Herbert. 36 Children. New York: The New American Library, 1967.Google Scholar
Kozol, Jonathan. Death at an Early Age. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1967.Google Scholar
Moton, Robert R., What the Negro Thinks. New York: Doubleday Doran, 1929.Google Scholar
Snitow, Virginia. “I Teach Negro Girls,” The New Republic, CVII (November 9, 1942), 603–05.Google Scholar
Stephenson, Gilbert T., Race Distinctions in American Law. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toffler, Alvin, ed. The Schoolhouse in the City. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.Google Scholar