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⁴ “Feminists Debate Plans for a House,” New York Times, 22 April 1914, 12.Google Scholar

⁵ Mrs. and Martin, John Mr., “The Woman Movement and the Baby Crop,” New York Times Magazine, 29 August 1915, 2, 7. For insights on Gilman's response to eugenics, particularly in this period, see Mary Ziegler, “Eugenic Feminism: Mental Hygiene, the Women's Movement, and the Campaign for Eugenic Legal Reform, 1990–1935,” Harvard Journal of Law and Gender 31, no. 1 (2008), 211–35. Rodman's view is varied: “Protest Despotic Action,” Evening Post (New York, NY), 16 November 1914, 8. For an alternative perspective from that presented by the Martins, see Emerick, Charles F., “College Women and Race Suicide,” Political Science Quarterly, 24, no. 2 (June 1909), 269–83.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Cookingham, Mary E., “Bluestockings, Spinsters and Pedagogues: Women College Graduates, 1865–1910,” Population Studies 38, no. 3 (November 1984), 360. This is a somewhat optimistic assessment of the single woman teacher's situation as Linda Van Ingen establishes in her assessment of the problem of retirement for single women teachers in “‘One Can't Live on Air': Sarah McComb and the Problem of Old-Age Income for Single Women Teachers, 1870s–1930s,” History of Education Quarterly 54, no. 2 (May 2014), 172–96. Kay Whitehead notes a preference for married women teachers emerged in the 1950s and 1960s when “the new sciences of sexology and psychology were reinforcing marriage as women's natural destiny and pathologizing older single women as ‘embittered, sexless or homosexual,”’ in “Vocation, career and character in early twentieth-century women teachers’ work in city schools,” History of Education 34, no. 6 (November 2005), 592. Kristina Llewellyn makes a similar case in Democracy's Angels: The Work of Women Teachers (Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012).Google Scholar

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¹³ Ladd-Taylor, Molly, Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890–1930 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 112; Rodman advocated a state subsidy to mothers, reasoning, “The child is a greater economic necessity to the state than it is to the parent; that is why, to avoid extinction the state must eventually, put a cash premium upon motherhood,” in Charles Henry Adams, “New York Day by Day,” Evening Independent (St. Petersburg), 17 April 1914, 3.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Carter, Patricia, “Building Houses for Teachers: Home, Hearth, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs,” in Everybody's Paid but the Teacher, 59–75. Most teacher housing scholarship focuses on rural or frontier women, such as Mary Hurlburt Cordier, “Prairie Schoolwomen: Mid 1850s to 1920s in Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska,” Great Plains Quarterly 8, no. 2 (April 1988), 102–19; Kaufman, Polly Welts, Women Teachers on the Frontier (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985); Wyman, Andrea, Rural Women Teachers in the United States: A Sourcebook (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997); and Manning, Diane, Hill Country Teacher: Oral Histories from the One-Room School and Beyond (Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers, 1990).Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Carter, , Everybody's Paid but the Teacher. 27. Blount, Jackie, “From Exemplar to Deviant,” 107 agrees, finding that “many women teachers participated vigorously in such women's cultures” servine in “significant leadership positions in suffrage associations as well as other reform-minded organizations.” For more on the relationship between feminist activism and the profession in the early twentieth century, see Kate Rousmaniere, Citizen Teacher, and City Teachers: Teaching and School Reform in Historical Perspective (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997); Weiler, Kathleen, Country Schoolwomen (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998); and Murphy, Marjorie, Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).Google Scholar

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²⁹ “Feminist Model Home,” New York Times, 14 May 1914, 6; “Housework for the Feminist Man,” Sun (New York), 13 May 1914, 6; Marshall, Marguerite Mooers, “New Style of Husband Helps the Wife Wash Dishes, Sweep and Make the Bed,” Evening World (New York), 14 May 1914, 4; and “Feminist Home Is Pure Fiction,” Sun (New York), 14 May 1914, 5.Google Scholar

³⁰ “Teacher Mother Fight Arouses City's Interest,” New York Herald, 15 November, 1914, 6; “Rodman Writes Letter of Challenge: Asks Commissioner to Seek Teachers’ Opinions,” Evening Post (New York), 4 January, 1915, 4; “Mother-Teacher Appeals to Mayor,” New York Herald, 5 November, 1914, 20; “New Fight to Save Teacher Mothers,” New York Times, 1 October 1914, 5; “Teacher Mothers Win Court Decision,” New-York Tribune, 12 November 1913, 6; and “Woman Lawyer's Club to Fight Motherhood Battle,” New York Evening Telegram, 13 March 1913, 3. Rodman founded a second organization, the League for the Civic Service of Women, which also worked on these issues. Both organizations involved some of the same members and overlapped in interests and activities, especially around women teachers’ rights, with the exception of the feminist apartment house, which remained an Alliance project. For more on the League for the Civic Service of Women and deeper discussion of the married teacher and mother-teacher court cases see: Carter, Patricia A., “Henrietta Rodman and the Fight to Further Women's Economic Autonomy” in Women Educators, Leaders and Activists, 1900–1960, eds. Tanya, . Fitzgerald, and Smyth, Elizabeth M. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 152–78.Google Scholar

³¹ “Restoring the Family,” New Republic 1, no. 4 (November 1914), 8 states, “Life is to be made so unendurable for married teachers, they are to be compelled to make such heartbreaking sacrifices, that they will sooner or later accept defeat and allow themselves to be driven out of the school.” For more on the secret marriage strategy, see Carter, Everybody's Paid but the Teacher, 116–122.Google Scholar

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³⁸ “Teacher-Mothers Win Final Verdict,” New York Times, 12 January 1915, 1. See also Carter, Everybody's Paid but the Teacher, 116–22.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Carter, Everybody's Paid but the Teacher, 74.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ “Thousand Years Behind the Times,” Evening News (San Jose, CA), 1 September 1915, 2.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ Mrs. Dimeon Guilford, H., “Feminists Are Family Menace,” Washington (DC) Herald, 25 April 1915, 7. For similar critiques, see Fay-Smith, Laura, “That Feminist Paradise Palace” and “Perils of Feminism,” Indianapolis Star, 21 April 1914, 8; and Martin, Mrs. John, “Feminism Makes Males Drone in Beehive,” New York Times, 12 April 1914, Sunday Magazine 4, 11.Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ Carter, Patricia A., “Guiding the Working Class Girl: Henrietta Rodman's Curriculum for the New Woman, 1913,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies 38, no. 1(2017) forthcoming. See also, “The First Anniversary of the Francisco Ferrer Association,” Mother Earth (July 1911), 157–60; “Anarchists Will Dedicate New Colony,” New Brunswick (NJ) Times, 9 April 1915, 1; “Training Teachers’ Class,” New York Call, 8 April 1911, 7; Rodman, Henrietta, “Wrong Vocational Education Feared,” New-York Tribune, 27 February 1915, 5; and “Teaching Girls New Things: It Is Called Vocational Guidance at Wadleigh High School,” New-York Tribune, 11 November 1911, 9.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ “Babies Cared for at Fifty Cents a Day,” Syracuse (NY) Herald, 18 June 1914, 21. Rodman tried to get a state law passed to require all new buildings in the city to include rooftop nurseries and playgrounds, in Marguerite Mooers Marshall, “Nurseries on Apartment House Roofs, Latest Wrinkle in a Plan for a Home,” Evening World (New York), 27 May 1914, 3; “Nurseries on Flats Is Feminist Plea,” The Sun (New York), 26 May 1914, 11.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ “Ready to Build Feminist Flats,” New-York Tribune, 13 May 1914, 4; “Babies No Bother in Feminist Apartment,” The Sun (New York), 17 June 1914, 9; “Apartment House Co-op the Latest,” New York Evening Call, 5 April 1914, 4; “Apartment for Women,” New-York Tribune, 16 April 1914, 16; and “Feminists to Build Apartment House,” New-York Tribune, 22 April 221914, 7.Google Scholar

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⁶⁶ “Ready to Build Feminist Flats,” 4.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Perkins, George Walbridge and Bruère, Henry Jaromir, Report on the Teachers’ Retirement Fund, City of New York for the Commission on Pensions (New York: Trow Press, 1915), 36; and “Radical Reforms in Schools Proposed,” Evening Post (New York), 16 September 1915, 1, 3.Google Scholar

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⁷⁰ Kelly, Florence Finch, “Co-operative Apartment Houses in New York,” The Independent, May 1908, 1139–42. Elevators were still a relatively new accouterment within the city's buildings and thus noted as a selling point.Google Scholar

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⁷⁴ For example, Rodman, Henrietta, “Teacher Asks Women to Judge Her Case,” New-York Tribune, 15 February 1915, 4; and Rodman, Henrietta, “Women to Defend Married Teacher,” New-York Tribune, 6 February 1915, 7.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Carter, , Everybody's Paid but the Teacher, 27, 29, 32.Google Scholar