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5 It is prudent to focus on the Ontario, Canadian case before larger, international comparisons can be made.Google Scholar

6 The oral history testimony used in this paper is taken from a larger teacher-life history project on Ontario woman teachers completed in the Faculty of Education at the University of Western Ontario and funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Rebecca Coulter is the principle investigator and Sheila Cavanagh Helen Harper, Suzanne Majhanovich, Goli Rezai-Rashti, Aniko Varpalotai and Janice Wallace are co-investigators. Over 150 interviews have been completed with retired teachers who worked in both urban and rural school districts across the province, providing an exceptionally rich assortment of interview data on a number of topics relating to teacher life and workGoogle Scholar

7 Overt discussion about (homosexuality and masculine gender identifications by genetic females is often thought by former teachers to be inappropriate and so the interview data used comes from a small minority of teachers who talked openly about gender and sexual identity transgressions. This group of women tended to have personal friendships with former colleagues who were lesbian identified or to have had family members who were homosexual and were, thus, more thoughtful and vocal on the subject. The interview data has been supplemented with archival case studies, professional education and popular magazines articles, teacher federation reports, academic journals, and newspaper reports relating to teacher dismissal to ensure that the oral history testimony is compared to other primary source materials.Google Scholar

8 Vicinus, Martha Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women 1850–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 289.Google Scholar

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11 Many women did not adhere to professionally enforced marriage bars and successfully hid their marital unions from school trustees.Google Scholar

12 Vicinus, Independent Women, 42.Google Scholar

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21 Graham, Elizabeth “Schoolmarms and Early Teaching in Ontario“ in: Women at Work: Ontario, 1850–1930 (Toronto: Canadian Women's Educational Press, 1974), 196.Google Scholar

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27 Davies, Mair “Women Under the Microscope,“ Food For Thought 17: 6 (August 1957), 384.Google Scholar

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31 MFWTAO Archives, Board of Directors Meeting Minutes, December 1952.Google Scholar

32 FWTAO Archives, Finance Committee Report, 1952.Google Scholar

33 Ellison, Lucille “When a Teacher Weds: Are Marriage and Teaching Incompatible?,“ Kansas Teacher (1937), Reprinted in The Educational Courier (June 1949), 13.Google Scholar

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40 Cockburn, W. R. “Can't Get Glamour Girls,“ Toronto Daily Star, 30 March, 1946.Google Scholar

41 “Woman Teacher,” (ACPID093).Google Scholar

42 Ibid, (ACPID093).Google Scholar

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44 Ibid, 190.Google Scholar

45 Waller, Willard The Sociology of Teaching (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1932), 144.Google Scholar

46 “Woman Teacher,” (ACPID091).Google Scholar

47 Ibid, (ACPID091).Google Scholar

48 Ibid, (ACPID017).Google Scholar

49 Ibid, (ACPID017).Google Scholar

50 Ibid, (ACPID043).Google Scholar

51 “The Shortage of Women Teachers,” The Journal of Education (August 1950): 435. Smith, Bonnie The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 197.Google Scholar

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54 Manning, Dorothy “I quit my job to save my marriage“ Chatelaine (June 1955), 17.Google Scholar

55 “Woman Teacher,” (ACPID044).Google Scholar

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57 “Ibid, (ACPID044).Google Scholar

58 Jukes, Mary “I Learned to Live with a Man“ Chatelaine, (April 1950), 7.Google Scholar

59 Hilliard, Marion “Stop being just a housewife,“ Chatelaine, (September 1956), 66.Google Scholar

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63 McCreary, John K. “Psychopathia Homosexualism Canadian Journal of Psychology 4: 2 (1950), 74.Google Scholar

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86 Ibid, (ACPID004).Google Scholar

87 Ibid, (ACPID004).Google Scholar

88 Ibid, (ACPID005).Google Scholar

89 Dwyer, Kay “The Married Woman Career Teacher Is Here to Stay,“ The Educational Courier 24: 2 (November/December 1963), 14.Google Scholar

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114 “Woman Teacher,” (ACPID026).Google Scholar

115 Ibid, (ACPID044).Google Scholar

116 Ibid, (ACPID044).Google Scholar

117 Ibid, (ACPID042).Google Scholar

118 Ibid, (ACPID089).Google Scholar

119 Ibid, (ACPID070).Google Scholar

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121 Horney, Karen Feminine Psychology (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1967), 194.Google Scholar

122 Ibid, 165.Google Scholar

123 “Woman Teacher,” (ACPID041).Google Scholar

124 Ibid, (ACPID072).Google Scholar

125 Ibid, (ACPID002).Google Scholar

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127 “Woman Teacher,” (ACPID040).Google Scholar

128 Ibid, (ACPID023).Google Scholar

129 Ibid, (ACPID014).Google Scholar

130 Ibid, (ACPID041).Google Scholar

131 Ibid, (ACPID041).Google Scholar

132 Ibid, (ACPID041).Google Scholar

133 Ibid, (ACPID041).Google Scholar

134 Ibid, (ACPID017).Google Scholar

135 Ibid, (ACPID042).Google Scholar