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¹³² Ritter, Gerhard, The Sword and the Scepter: The Problem of Militarism in Germany, vol. III, Norden, Heinz, trans. (Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1972), 3.Google Scholar

¹³³ Girault, “Pierre Renouvin, La BDIC et l'historiographie française des relations internationales,” 7–9.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Renouvin to Ritter, 4 May 1952, BArch N 1166/293, 338, 339.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ For the rare expression of dissent, see Pierre Bonnoure, “A Propos des recommendations franco-allemandes de 1951,” Bulletin de la Société des professeurs d'histoire et de géographie de l'enseignement public 45, no. 153 (June 1955): 686–94.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Puaca, , Learning Democracy, 80–89, and Dierkes, Julian, “The Decline and Rise of the Nation in German History Education,” in The Nation, Europe, and the World: Textbooks and Curricula in Transition, eds., Schissler, Hanna and Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu (New York: Berghahn Books, 2005), 82–102.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ The Wege der Völker series and Braunschweig secondary school teacher Hans Ebeling's Deutsche Geschichte are two prominent examples. See Puaca, , Learning Democracy, 80–89.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ Schüddekopf, , History Teaching, 25. On the gradual reform of history education in postwar France, see Garcia and Leduc, L'Enseignement de l'histoire en France, 200.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ Ibid., 36.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Beginning in 1953 the Council of Europe played an active role in sponsoring such discussions. See Bruley, E. and Dance, E. H., A History of Europe? (Leyden: Sythoff, A. W., 1960).Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ The representation of German atrocities in occupied Belgium and France served as the principal point of contention. Seres (2008).Google Scholar

¹⁴² Rollot, Catherine, “Le Manuel d'histoire franco-allemand pour la classe de 1re est présenté à Berlin,” Le Monde (10 April 2008): 8.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ Seres, Aude, “Le Manuel d'histoire franco-allemand fait des envieux,” Le Figaro, 9 April 2008, 8, and Schmoll, Heike, “Historische Verständigung; Der zweite Band des deutsche-französischen Geschichtsbuchs ist mehr als ein Schulbuch,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (8 April 2008): 10.Google Scholar