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Controlled Superficiality in the Study of Colonial New England Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

John Hoffmann
John Hoffmann*
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University
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Abstract

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Type
Essay Review IV
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , Summer 1976 , pp. 215 - 228
Copyright
Copyright © 1976 by New York University 

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References

Notes

1. Finkelstein, Barbara, History of Childhood Quarterly 3 (Fall 1975): 316; Tucker, Louis Leonard, William and Mary Quarterly 32 (April 1975): 344; and Cohen, Ronald D., New-York Historical Society Quarterly 59 July 1975): 274.Google Scholar

2. Morison, , The Puritan Pronaos (New York, 1936), reprinted as The Intellectual Life of Colonial New England (New York, 1956); Morgan, , The Puritan Family: Religion & Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England (Boston, 1944), revised edition (New York, 1966); and Cremin, , American Education: The Colonial Experience 1607–1783 (New York, 1970).Google Scholar

3. Axtell, James, The School upon a Hill: Education and Society in Colonial New England (New Haven, Conn.,1974), pp. xiii–xiv, xiv, n, 8, 48, 145, 171, 173.Google Scholar

4. Axtell, , School, pp. xi, xiv, 57, 61, n, 85, 88, 89.Google Scholar

5. Axtell, , School, pp. 99, 100, 104, and see Demos, John, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York, 1970), pp. 145–50.Google Scholar

6. See Ariès, Philippe, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, trans. Baldick, Robert (New York, 1962), and, for example, Irene Q. Brown', “Philippe Ariès on Education and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century France,” History of Education Quarterly [hereafter cited as HEQ] 7 (Fall 1967): 365–66; Smith, Steven R., “Religion and the Conception of Youth in Seventeenth-Century England,” History of Childhood Quarterly 2 (Spring 1975): 493–95; and Hiner, H. Ray, “Adolescence in Eighteenth-Century America,” ibid., 3 (Fall 1975): 254–55, 272–73.Google Scholar

7. Axtell, James, book review HEQ 9 (Winter 1969): 525; Bailyn, Bernard, Education in the Forming of American Society (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960); p, 4; and see Axtell, , School, p. ix.Google Scholar

8. Axtell, , School, pp. 52, 135–36, 138–40, 154n, 285; and see Lockridge, , A New England Town, The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736 (New York, 1970); Zuckerman, , Peaceable Kingdoms: New England Towns in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1970): and Greven, , Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, N.Y., 1970).Google Scholar

9. Axtell, , School, pp. 93–95, 108, 155, 282.Google Scholar

10. See, generally, Musgrave, P. W., “The Relationship between the Family and Education in England: A Sociological Account,” British Journal of Educational Studies 19 (February 1971); 17–31: Demos, John, “The American Family in Past Time,” American Scholar 43 (Summer 1974): 422–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11. Cremin, Lawrence A., “The Family as Educator: Some Comments on the Recent Historiography,” Teachers College Record 76 (December 1974): 261, and see 255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

12. See Hareven, Tamara K., “The Family as Process: The Historical Study of the Family Cycle,” Journal of Social History 7 (Spring 1974): 322–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

13. Axtell, , School, pp. 120–21, 132.Google Scholar

14. Axtell, , School, p. 91.Google Scholar

15. Axtell, , School, p. 83.Google Scholar

16. See, for example, Macfarlane, Alan, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, A Seventeenth-Century Clergyman: An Essay in Historical Anthropology (Cambridge, Eng., 1970), pp. 92, 146, 205–10; Flaherty, David H., Privacy 'in Colonial New England (Charlottesville, Va., 1972), pp. 49–50; and Illick, Joseph E., “Child-Rearing in Seventeenth-Century England and America,” in deMause, Lloyd, ed., The History of Childhood (New York, 1974), pp. 321–22, 329–30.Google Scholar

17. Axtell, , School, p. 148; see deMause, Lloyd, “The Evolution of Childhood,” in deMause, , ed., History of Childhood, pp. 1–73, and Plumb, J. H., “The New World of Children in Eighteenth-Century England,” Past & Present no. 67 (May 1975): 64–95; compare, for instance, Morgan, , Puritan Family, pp. 103–6, and Rothman, David J., book review, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 367, 376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18. Axtell, , School, pp. xiii, 20, 138, 150, 168.Google Scholar

19. See Dunn, Richard S., “The Social History of Early New England,” American Quarterly 24 (December 1972): 661–79; Greene, Jack P., “Autonomy and Stability: New England and the British Colonial Experience in Early Modern America,” Journal of Social History 7 (Winter 1974): 1 71–94; Henretta, James A., “The Morphology of New England Society in the Colonial Period,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 379–98; and Murrin, John M., “Review Essay,” History and Theory 11, no. 2 (1972): 226–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20. See Miller, , Orthodoxy in Massachusetts 1630–1650 (Cambridge, Mass., 1933), new preface (Boston, Mass., 1959); Rutman, , Winthrop's Boston: A Portrait of a Puritan Town 1630–1649 (Chapel Hill, 1965): Zuckerman, , Peaceable Kingdoms; and Bushman, , From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690–1765 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967).Google Scholar

21. Axtell, , School, p. xii.Google Scholar

22. See Smith, Wilson, ed., Theories of Education in Early America 1655–1819 (Indianapolis, Ind., 1973), p. 25.Google Scholar

23. Axtell, , School, pp. 85, 95–96.Google Scholar

24. Axtell, , School, pp. 41, 43.Google Scholar

25. Axtell, , School, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

26. Cremin, , American Education: Colonial Experience, pp. 156, 237; Axtell, , School, pp. 21–22, 26, 286.Google Scholar

27. Hill, Christopher, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (New York, 1964), pp. 443–81.Google Scholar

28. See Axtell, , School, pp. 22–23.Google Scholar

29. Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed., Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 5 vols. in 6 (Boston, 1853–54), 1: 328. Lechford alluded to this order, not the 1642 law; compare Axtell, , School, p. 22.Google Scholar

30. Axtell, , School, pp. 25, 32.Google Scholar

31. See, for instance, the Dorchester, Mass. school regulations of 1645, often reprinted, as in Brenner, Robert H. and associates, eds., Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History, I, 1600–1865 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p. 80; and Vaughan, Alden T., ed., The Puritan Tradition in America 1620–1730 (New York, 1972), p. 240.Google Scholar

32. Axtell, , School, p. 44, and see pp. 12–15.Google Scholar

33. See Schochet, Gordon J., “Patriarchalism, Politics and Mass Attitudes in Stuart England,” The Historical Journal 12, no. 3 (1969): 428–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34. Compare Walzer, Michael, “Puritanism as a Revolutionary Ideology,” History and Theory 3, no. 1 (1963): 65, 77, 79–80, 83, 85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

35. Axtell, , School, pp. 138, 151, 169, 287.Google Scholar

36. Cremin, , American Education: Colonial Experience, pp. 124, 485, 519.Google Scholar

37. Axtell, , School, pp. 132, 169; see Bailyn, , Education, pp. 23–24.Google Scholar

38. Axtell, , School, pp. 180, 286; see, for instance, Middlekauff, Robert, Ancients and Axioms: Secondary Education in Eighteenth-Century New England (New Haven, Conn., 1963); Teaford, Jon, “The Transofrmation of Massachusetts Education, 1670–1780,” HEQ 10 (Fall 1970): 287–307.Google Scholar

39. Axtell, , School, p. 200.Google Scholar

40. This question was ably posed by Rothman, David J. in his use of Ariès to critique Bailyn, and Morgan, ; “A Note on the Study of the Colonial Family,” William and Mary Quarterly 23 (October 1966): 627–34.Google Scholar

41. Axtell, , School, pp. 34, 202, 204, 230, 235, 244.Google Scholar

42. See Moore, Kathryn Sue McDaniel, “Old Saints and Young Sinners: A Study of Student Discipline at Harvard College 1636–1734” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1972).Google Scholar

43. Axtell, , School, pp. 202, 224.Google Scholar

44. Axtell, , School, pp. xv, 246, 256, 261, 265, 273, 275, 279, 281.Google Scholar

45. “The Scholastic Philosophy of the Wilderness,” William and Mary Quarterly 29 (July 1972): 335–66; “The White Indians of Colonial America,” ibid., 32 (January 1975): 55–88.Google Scholar

46. Towner, Lawence W., “Clifford Kenyon Ship ton,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 84, part 1 (April 1974): 27; Shipton, Clifford K., New England Life in the Eighteenth Century: Representative Biographies from Sibley's Harvard Graduates (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), p. xviii.Google Scholar

47. Axtell, , School, pp. 284, 288, and see pp. 270–72.Google Scholar

48. Axtell, , School, pp. 135, 140, and see pp. 136–37, 160–65.Google Scholar

49. Axtell, , School, pp. x, 8, 11, 18.Google Scholar

50. Axtell, James, The American People in Colonial New England (West Haven Conn., 1973), pp. 11, 110.Google Scholar

51. Axtell, , School, pp. 17–18, 141–42, 28, 121; 29n, 132; 59–60, 76; 60, 90n-89, 147–48, 195; 93, 108; 93, 108, 155; 159–60, 216; and 183–84, 188, 209.Google Scholar

52. Axtell, , School, pp. 89, 142–43, 205.Google Scholar

53. Axtell, Compare, School, pp. 135, 189, 231, 271–72.Google Scholar

54. Axtell, Compare, School, pp. 60, 73, 90, 90n, with Axtell, , American People in Colonial New England, pp. 37, 39, 40, and see p. 38.Google Scholar