1 Rodgers, Daniel T. “In Search of Progressivism,“ Reviews in American History 10 (Dec. 1982: 113–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 See Baker, Paula “The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920,“ American Historical Review 89 (June 1984: 620–47; Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison, Wis., 1990); Sonya Michel and Seth Koven, “Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880–1920 (with Discussion),” American Historical Review 95 (Oct. 1990): 1076–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 For definitions of politics, see Baker, “The Domestication of Politics,” 622, 647; Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen, eds., Women and the Politics of Empowerment (Philadelphia, 1988), 4.Google Scholar

4 Recent discussions on these issues include Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, “African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 17 (Winter 1992): 251–74; Linda Gordon, “On ‘Difference,’” Genders 10 (Spring 1991): 91–111; Linda Gordon, “Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women's Welfare Activism, 1890–1945 (with Appendix),” Journal of American History 78 (Sep. 1991): 559–90.Google Scholar

5 Duster, Alfreda M. ed., Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago, 1970), 47–113; Bettina Aptheker, Woman's Legacy: Essays on Race, Sex, and Class in American History (Amherst, Mass., 1982), 53–76; Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York, 1984), 17–31, 89–92.Google Scholar