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7. The most extensive discussion of the New Deal's educational efforts is Harry Zeitlin, “Federal Relations in American Education, 1933–43: A Study of New Deal Efforts and Innovations” (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1958, microfilm). See also, Hopkins, Harry L., Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief (New York, 1936).Google Scholar

8. Catholic Educational Review, XXVIII (March, 1930), 129–64. The encyclical was dated December 31, 1929.Google Scholar

9. Ibid., 140. Cf. Pierce v. Society of Sisters 268 U.S. 510 (1925).Google Scholar

10. Ibid., 143.Google Scholar

11. Ibid., 155, 157.Google Scholar

12. Ibid., 157.Google Scholar

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15. For extended documentation see, Clegg, Op. cit., 109–10.Google Scholar

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17. America: “Federal School Subsidies” (editorial), LI (July 14, 1934), 314; “Federal School Autocracy” (editorial), (August 11, 1934), 410.Google Scholar

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23. Cochran v. Board of Education, 281 U. S. 370 (1930).Google Scholar

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27. The Advisory Committee on Education, Report of the Committee, House Document No. 529, 75th Cong., 3rd Sess., 1938 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1938, Serial No. 10254), 35. Hereafter cited as 1938 Advisory Report. The report was reprinted by the Government Printing Office later in 1938 with different paging and format and was given wide public distribution. Pages cited herein refer to the original edition.Google Scholar

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30. U. S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on S. 1305 of the Committee on Education and Labor, Federal Aid to Education Act of 1939. Hearings on S. 1305, 75th Con., 1st Sess., 1939, pp. 1–16. (Cited hereafter as 1939 Senate Hearings.) Google Scholar

31. Statement of Rev. Johnson, George, Director of the Department of Education, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Ibid., 196–99.Google Scholar

32. America: “Federal Subsidies for Catholic Schools” (editorial), LVI (December 12, 1936) 228–29; “Federal School Funds” (editorial), LVIII (April 2, 1938), 613–14; “Federal Aid for Private Schools,” (editorial), LIX (April 30, 1938), 84–5.Google Scholar

33. “Federal Subsidies Offered Catholic Schools: Should Federal Money Be Taken or Rejected?” America, LIX (October 1, 1938), 610–11.Google Scholar

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37. Muelder, Walter G., Methodism and Society in the Twentieth Century. Vol. II of Methodism and Society. Edited by the Board of Social and Economic Relations of the Methodist Church. (New York, 1961), 142.Google Scholar

38. “Federal Aid to Education” (editorial), Christian Century, LVI (January 4, 1939), 8.Google Scholar

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40. For extensive documentation of these protests in such journals as Biblical Recorder, Christian Century, Watchman-Examiner, and The Presbyterian, see Clegg, op. cit., 124–25.Google Scholar

41. Christian Century: “Again—Public Funds for Sectarian Schools” (editorial), LV (March 16, 1938), 324; “Aid for Catholic Schools in New York and Maryland” (editorial), LV (June 8, 1938); “Aid to Private School” (editorial), LVI (January 4, 1939), 8, 9.Google Scholar

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43. Zeitlin gave little credence to the notions that Catholics exerted any special influence, had a “pipe line” to the President, or that President Roosevelt was fearful of alienating Catholics. He was critical of unfounded and unsupported claims, such as those advanced by Appel, that the Catholic issue was a real consideration. “Such claims simply must be weighed in terms of the dearth of conclusive evidence.” Zeitlin, op. cit., p. 285. Cf. Morris Appel, “Franklin D. Roosevelt and Education” (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 1947).Google Scholar

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47. “Federal Aid to Education” (editorial), Christian Century, LVI (January 4, 1939), 9.Google Scholar

48. For extended documentation from Protestant journals see Clegg, op. cit., 129.Google Scholar

49. 1937 House Hearings, p. 365. See also Paul Mort, Federal Support for Public Education (New York, 1936), 266–68.Google Scholar

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56. “Wolves in Sheep's Clothing” (editorial), Biblical Recorder, February 2, 1939, 6.Google Scholar

57. Christian Century (editorials): “A Cardinal Speaks,” LV (April 6, 1938), 423–24; “Aid for Catholic Schools in New York and Maryland,” LV (June 8, 1938), 718; “Catholic Bus Bill Adopted by New York Convention, LV (August 10, 1938), 955–56; “Threats to Religious Liberty,” LVI (June 21, 1939), 790–91.Google Scholar

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61. A recent effort to fill this gap is John Courtney Murray, S.J., We Hold These Truths (New York, 1961).Google Scholar

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