¹ Rush, Benjamin “Thoughts upon the Mode of Education Proper in a Republic,“ in Essays on Education in the Early Republic, ed. Rudolph, Frederick (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 17.Google Scholar

² Webster, Noah, “On the Education of Youth in America,“ in Rudolph, Essays on Education, 56.Google Scholar

³ Bailyn, Bernard, Education in the Forming of American Society (New York: Random House, 1960).Google Scholar

⁴ Cremin, Lawrence, The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (New York: Teachers College Press, 1965).Google Scholar

⁵ Hansen, Allan Oscar, Liberalism and American Education in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Octagon Books, 1977).Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid., 44–5.Google Scholar

⁷ Ibid., 47.Google Scholar

⁸ Ibid., 47.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid., 256.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Godwin, William is an unusual choice given the wide array of thinkers whose ideas better reflected liberalism, for Godwin wrote only at the end of the century. Other significant British liberals, including those of the late seventeenth century, receive only the briefest treatment. Using Rousseau is equally problematic. Hansen described Rousseau as progressive, supportive of progress through science and an advocate of public and universal education, an interpretation he culled from The Social Contract. This interpretation falls apart, however, when Discourse on the Arts and Sciences and Entile are also considered. As to Rousseau's influence in America, Hansen grossly overemphasized its impact. For a more accurate reading of Rousseau's influence on the colonies and new republic, see Spurlin, Paul Merrill Rousseau in America, 1760–1809 (University: University of Alabama Press, 1969).Google Scholar

¹¹ Hansen chose Paine for his articulation, in plain language, of the revolutionaries’ principles, his connection to England, and his anticipation of a social revolution which would accompany the political one. Liberalism and American Education, 22, n.Google Scholar

¹² Ibid., xxii.Google Scholar

¹³ Webster, Noah writing as “A Hawk,” “Education,” American Magazine December 1787 through May 1788.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ibid., xxii.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ibid., viii, xxi.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid., viii.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ibid., xi–xii.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid., xii.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Ibid., ix.Google Scholar

²⁰ Ibid., viii.Google Scholar

²¹ Ibid., 168.Google Scholar

²² Ibid., 168.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., 177, n.Google Scholar

²⁴ Rush published several pieces in periodicals. “Defense of the Use of the Bible in Schools,” American Museum, March 1791, 129–36; “Study of the Latin and Greek Languages,” American Museum, August 1791, 61–3; “Mode of Education Proper in a Republic,” The New England Quarterly Magazine, April-June 1802, 133–9; “Thoughts Upon Female Education,” The Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine, April 1790, 209–13; also in The Rural Magazine, 14 July and 21 July 1798 and The New England Quarterly Magazine, April-June 1802, 146–32. Webster's educational essays can also be found in periodicals, writing as “Beelzebub,” “Education,” American Magazine, serialized December 1787 through May 1788; anonymously in “Remarks on the prevalent mode of Education,” The Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine, November 1791, 314–5.Google Scholar

²⁵ Rudolph, , Essays on Education 225 ix.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid., 110.Google Scholar

²⁷ Odgers, Merle “Education and the American Philosophical Society,“ Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, July 1943, 12–24, 18.Google Scholar

²⁸ Rudolph, , Essays on Education, xix.Google Scholar

²⁹ Those commending religion in schools include Philanthropos, “On the necessity of disseminating knowledge in America,” American Museum, January 1789, 46–8; reprinted in The Rural Magazine or Vermont Repository, June 1796, 275–8; Civis, “On Charity Schools,” American Museum, February 1790, 102–3; Senex, “On Education,” The Balance, May-November 1802; A Country Curate, “Inquiry as to the best Mode of conducting Charity Schools,” The Christian Observer, July 1804, 412; Agenor, “On the Duty of Educating Children for the Arduous Duties of the Present Times,” The Panoplist and Missionary Magazine, August 1813, 153–8; “On Educating Indigent Children,” The Guardian, April 1820, 114–8.Google Scholar

³⁰ Rudolph, , Essays on Education, xii.Google Scholar

³¹ Kerber, Linda drawing on some periodical literature, discussed this debate in Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970).Google Scholar

³² Rudolph, , Essays on Education, xiv.Google Scholar

³³ Ibid., 167, 271.Google Scholar

³⁴ American Philosophical Society Proceedings, 22 (July 1885), 229.Google Scholar

³⁵ Rudolph, , Essays on Education, xv.Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid., 244; original emphasis.Google Scholar

³⁷ Ibid., 290.Google Scholar

³⁸ Ibid., 213.Google Scholar

³⁹ Ibid., x.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Of the nine essays Hansen collected, Rush's was published in 1786 and Webster's serialized in 1787–88; every other piece in Hansen's volume, from Coram's and Sullivan's essays written in 1791 to Dupont's written in 1800, was written after the Constitutional Convention, after the ratification of the Constitution and the establishment of a unique and complex system of government combining both national and state powers.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Young, Alfred F. “How Radical Was the American Revolution,“ in Beyond the American Revolution, ed. Young, Alfred (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1993), 317–364, 335.Google Scholar

⁴² Support for a national university may be found in Fenno, “Establishment of a proper system of education—establishment of a federal university recommended,” American Museum, October 1789, 290–1; Franklin, “On Establishing a National School,” The American Magazine, January 1816, 289–97.Google Scholar

⁴³ See “Essay on Education,” Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, August 1812, 217–220.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Cremin, Lawrence, American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783 (New York: Harper, 1970); American Education: The National Experience, 1783–1876 (New York: Harper, 1980); American Education: The Metropolitan Experience, 1876–1980 (New York: Harper, 1988).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Cremin, , The Colonial Experience, 124 n. 26.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Ibid., 545.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ An expanded treatment of Cremin's Whiggism can be found in Jurgen Herbst's “Cremin's American Paideia” The American Scholar (Winter 1991): 128–140.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ibid., 127.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Good, H. G., A History of American Education, second edition, (New York: Macmillan, 1962).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Welter, Rush, Popular Education and Democratic Thought in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 25–26.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Kaestle, Carl, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1983).Google Scholar

⁵² Brann, Eva, Paradoxes of Education in a Republic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 50.Google Scholar

⁵³ Ibid., 10.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Lorraine Smith Pangle and Thomas Pangle, The Learning of Liberty: The Educational Ideas of the American Founders (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1993).Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Ibid., 91.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Biographical data is from Rudolph's own introduction to each essay, see note 2. The Pangles cite directly from Rudolph.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Pangle, and Pangle, , The Learning of Liberty, 296 141.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Smith, Wilson (ed.), Theories of Education in Early America (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973). See also Vassar, Rena Social History of American Education (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965); Gutek, Gerald An Historical Introduction to American Education (New York: Crowell, 1970); Butts, R. Freeman Public Education in the United States: From Revolution to Reform (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978), which gives thorough coverage to Smith, Knox and Coram though acknowledges their proposals were radical; Casement, William “Learning and Pleasure: Early American Perspectives,” Educational Theory (Summer 1990), 343–349, where references to Rudolph's collection dominate the primary sources used; Bruce Kimball, Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Education (New York: College Entrance Exam Board, 1995); Urban, Wayne and Waggoner, Jennings American Education: A History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ May, Henry, The Enlightenment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 235.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Fliegelman, Jay, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750–1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982) 206.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Bailyn, , Education in the Forming of American Society, 10.Google Scholar

⁶² Hansen received his Ph.D. in 1926 from Teachers College, Columbia University at that time, arguably, the center of history of education scholarship in the United States. Hansen and Cubberley shared—albeit 20 years apart—a thesis director in Paul Monroe. For the influence of both Columbia and Monroe, see Cremin, The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley.Google Scholar