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2 Lind, Andrew W. Hawaii's People, 3rd ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1967), 28.Google Scholar

3 This essay discusses people of Asian descent, but because the source of some of the figures are from census reports, the totals sometimes include a small percentage of Pacific Islanders. See Larry H. Shinagawa, “The Impact of Immigration on the Demography of Asian Pacific Americans,” in Reframing the Immigration Debate, ed. Bill Ong Hing and Ronald Lee (Los Angeles: LEAP and UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 1996), 60.Google Scholar

4 Shinagawa, “The Impact of Immigration,“ 60–61; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Profile of the United States, 1995 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1995), 48.Google Scholar

5 Shinagawa, “The Impact of Immigration,“ 61 85; Robert M. Jiobu, “Recent Asian Pacific Immigrants: The Demographic Background,” in Reframing the Immigration Debate, 54.Google Scholar

6 Shinagawa, “The Impact of Immigration,“ 94.Google Scholar

7 Ibid., 86.Google Scholar

8 Espiritu, Yen Le Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 5–7, 13.Google Scholar

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11 Recent historiographical essays on Asian Americans include Chan, “Asian American Historiography”; Daniels, “No Lamps Were Lit for Them”; and Paul R. Spickard, Japanese Americans: the Formation and Transformations of an Ethnic Group (New York: Twayne, 1996), 177–85.Google Scholar

12 Daniels, “No Lamps Were Lit for Them,“ 11–14. An exception is Yamato Ichihashi, Japanese in the United States (New York: Arno Press, 1969 [1932]).Google Scholar

13 Chan, Sucheng “Asian American Historiography,“ Pacific Historical Review 65: 3 (August 1996), 366–69.Google Scholar

14 Daniels, Roger The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962). An exception to my generalization is the pre-1960 historical study by Yamato Ichihashi, Japanese in the United States (New York: Arno Press, 1969 [1932]).Google Scholar

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16 Directory of Asian American Studies Programs (Ithaca, NY: Asian American Studies Program, Cornell University, 1999). For a critique of the development of Asian American Studies programs, see Mitchell J. Chang, “Expansion and Its Discontents: The Formation of Asian American Studies Programs in the 1990s,” Journal of Asian American Studies 2:2 (June 1999): 181–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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23 Specifically, in Spring 1993 the HEQ published Eileen H. Tamura's “The English-Only Effort, the Anti-Japanese Campaign, and Language Acquisition in the Education of Japanese Americans in Hawaii, 1915–40,” and in Summer 1995 it published a review of Tamura's Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity: the Nisei Generation in Hawaii (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994). In Summer 1988, two years before the ten-year period examined for this study, the HEQ published a review of Thomas James’ Exile Within: The Schooling of Japanese Americans 1942–1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).Google Scholar

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29 One example is Tamura, Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity. Google Scholar

30 Victoria-Mariá MacDonald, Review of The Other Struggle for Equal Schools, by Ruben Donato, History of Education Quarterly 38 (Winter 1998): 475–77.Google Scholar

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33 Hawai'i State, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism, State of Hawai'i Databook 1997 (Honolulu: DBEDT, 1998), table 1.29, n.p.Google Scholar