1 Bledstein, Burton J., The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York, 1976). The following book reviews and essays helped me to analyze the impact of Bledstein's book: Schudson, Michael, School Review 86 (Nov. 1977): 137–40; Kuklick, Henrika, Journal of American History 68 (June 1981): 152–53; Biebel, Charles D., “Higher Education and Old Professionalism,” History of Education Quarterly 17 (Fall 1977): 319–25; Scott, Donald M., “The Mystique of Professionalism,” Reviews in American History 6 (Sep. 1978): 299–305; Haskell, Thomas L., “Power to the Experts,” New York Review of Books, 13 Oct. 1977, 28–33; Veysey, Laurence, Academe 65 (Feb. 1979): 61–62; Blumin, Stuart M., “The Hypothesis of Middle-Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century America: A Critique and Some Proposals,” American Historical Review 90 (Apr. 1985): 299–338; and Melosh, Barbara, “‘Not Merely a Profession’: Nurses and Resistance to Professionalization,” American Behavioral Scientist 32 (July/Aug. 1989): 668–79.Google Scholar

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5 Bledstein, , Culture, 271.Google Scholar

6 Ibid., 289.Google Scholar

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8 Bledstein, , Culture, 86–87; Calhoun, Daniel H., Professional Lives in America: Structure and Aspiration, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965); Hughes, Everett et al., Education for the Professions of Medicine, Law, Theology, and Social Welfare (New York, 1973); Parsons, Talcott, “Professions,” in The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , ed. Sills, David L., vol. 12 (New York, 1968), 536–47; Etzioni, Amitai, ed., The Semi-Professions and Their Organization: Teachers, Nurses, and Social Workers (New York, 1969).Google Scholar

9 See note 2, above.Google Scholar

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11 Bledstein, , Culture, 206–7.Google Scholar

12 Ryan, Mary P., Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790–1865 (Cambridge, Eng., 1981).Google Scholar

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15 Larson, , Rise of Professionalism; Freidson, Eliot, Professional Powers: A Study of the Institutionalization of Formal Knowledge (Chicago, 1986); Haskell, , ed., The Authority of Experts; Abbott, Andrew, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago, 1988).Google Scholar