1. Rozhdestvenskii, S.V., ed., Istoricheskii obzor deiatel'nosti Ministerstva Narodnago Prosveshcheniia 1802–1902 [Historical survey of the activity of the ministry of public education] (St. Petersburg, 1902). pp. 31–3; Biaudet, Jean Charles et Nicod, Françoise, eds., Correspondence de Frédéric-César De La Harpe et Alexandre Ier 3 vols. (Neuchâtel, 1978–80) vol. 1, 321, 366–75, 490–1, 494–505, 515–32; Kniaz', Velikii Mikhailovich, Nikolai, Graf Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1774–1817). Istoricheskoe issledovanie epokhi Imperatora Aleksandra I [Historical research into the age of the Emperor Alexander I] 3 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1903) vol. 2, 144–7, 211; Froese, Leonard, Ideengeschichtliche Triebkräfte der Russischen und Sowetischen Pädogik (Heidelberg, 1956), p. 24; Pypin, A.P., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii pri Aleksandre I [The social movement in Russia under Alexander I] (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 105–6. The influence of Adam Czartoryski was also very great. Predtechenskii, A.V., Ocherki obshchestvennopoliticheskoi istorii Rossii v pervoi chetverti XIX veka [Outlines of the social-political history of Russia in the first quarter of the nineteenth century] Moscow-Leningrad, 1957), pp. 180–1. On Catherine II see Black, J.L., Citizens for the Fatherland, Education, Educators, and Pedagogical Ideals in Eighteenth Century Russia (New York, 1979); de Madariaga, Isabel, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven and London, 1981), pp. 488–502; Okenfuss, Max J., “Education and Empire: School Reform in Enlightened Russia,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Csteuropas 27, No. 1 (1979), pp. 41–68; Nash, Carol S., “Educating New Mothers: Women and the Enlightenment in Russia,” History of Education Quarterly 21, No. 3 (Fall, 1981):301–16.Google Scholar

2. Kapter, P.F., Istoriia russkoi pedagogii [The history of Russian pedagogy] (St. Petersburg, 1908), p. 145; Medynskii, E.N., Istoriia russkoi pedagogii do velikoi Oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii [The history of Russian pedagogy until the great October revolution] 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1938), pp. 111–5; Struminskii, V. Ia., “Nachal'noe obrazovaniie v Rossii v pervoi polovine XIX veka” [Elementary education in Russia in the first half of the nineteenth century] in Konstantinov, N.A., Struminskii, V. Ia., Ocherki po istorii nachal'nogo obrazovaniia v Rossii [Outlines of the history of elementary education in Russia] 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1953), p. 88; Johnson, William H.E., Russia's Educational Heritage (New York, 1969), pp. 63–86; Alston, Patrick L., Education and the State in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, 1969), pp. 23–30; Sinel, Allen, The Classroom and the Chancellery: State Educational Reform in Russia under Count Dmitry Tolstoi (Cambridge, Mass., 1973), pp. 7–13. McClelland, James C., Autocrats and Academics. Education, Culture, and Society in Tsarist Russia (Chicago and London, 1979), p. 9 sees the weakness of the tsarist effort in its concentrating on higher institutions, thereby neglecting to cooperate with those on the local level who could organize and staff secondary and elementary schools.Google Scholar

3. Ulam, Adam B., Russia's Failed Revolutions. From the Decembrists to the Dissidents (New York, 1981), p. 11. Johnson's, Russia's Educational Heritage, p. 262 shows that the pupils in state schools in Russia in 1800 numbered 19,915. In 1824 pupils under the jurisdiction of the education ministry numbered 69,452. Zapiski, izdavaemyia ot Departamenta Narodnago Prosveshcheniia, 1825 god [Transactions, published by the Department of Public Education] Book 1 (St. Petersburg, 1825), p. 387. These figures do not include pupils at military, church and special technical schools. The total number of pupils at all schools in 1804 was 109,256 and in 1824, 263,223, see Blackwell, William L., The Beginnings of Russian Industrialization 1800–1860 (Princeton, 1968), Appendix 2, Part 5, Table A. The most complete account of the educational system in Alexander's reign is Schmid, E.K., Istoriia srednikh uchebnykh zavedenii v Rossii [The history of intermediate educational institutions in Russia] (appendices to Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnago Prosveshcheniia 1877–8).Google Scholar

4. Information about local initiative may be found in the periodical press. The standard histories of education in Russia are based on ministry files which reflect the ministry's interest in higher and secondary schools. In the organizational pattern of the reform, the ministry through the curators supervised the work of the universities while the university faculties supervised the work of the lower schools. For purposes of educational administration, Russia was divided into six huge districts. University faculty members naturally had difficulty giving attention to village schools. Perhaps this circumstance accounts for the relative paucity of materials on local initiative in ministry accounts, compared with the rich materials in the periodical press.Google Scholar

5. Edwards, David W., “Count Joseph Marie de Maistre and Russian Educational Policy, 1803–1828,” Slavic Review 36, No. 1 (March, 1977):54–75, esp. pp. 71–2; Miliukov, P., Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul'tury [Outlines of the history of Russian culture] 4 vols. in 3 (Paris, 1930–7) vol. 2 Part 1 (1931), p. 779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Flynn, James Thomas, “The Universities in the Russia of Alexander I. Patterns of Reform and Reaction,” (PhD dissertation, Clark University, 1964); Flynn, James T., “The Universities, the Gentry and the Russian Imperial Services, 1815–1828,” Canadian Slavic Studies 2, No. 4 (Winter, 1968):487–92; Flynn, James T., “V.N. Karazin, the Gentry, and Kharkov University,” Slavic Review 28, No. 2 (June, 1969):209–20.Google Scholar

7. For Karamzin's, N.M. remarkable essays, Sochineniia Karamzina [The works of Karamzin] 8vols. (Moscow, 1803–4) vol. 7 (1803), pp. 25–77, vol. 8, 189–252; I.P. Pnin's 1804 pamphlet “An Essay on Enlightenment with Reference to Russia” is translated in Raeff, Marc, ed., Russian Intellectual History. An Anthology (New York, 1966), pp. 126–57; Popugaev's, V.V. “O politicheskom prosveshchenii voobshche” [On political education in general] in Shchipanov, I. Ia., ed., Russkie prosvetiteli (ot Radishcheva do dekabristov) [Russian enlighteners (from Radishchev to the Decembrists)] 2 vols. (Moscow, 1966) vol. 1, 311–26; I.M. Born essay on enlightenment in Periodicheskoe izdanie Vol'nago Obshchestva, liubitelei slovesnosti, nauk i khudozhestv [Periodical publication of the Free Society of the lovers of literature, science and art] (St. Petersburg, 1804), pp. 130–45; anonymous essay in Severnyivestnik [The northern messenger] vol. 1, No. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1804), pp. 1–12; anonymous “On upbringing” in Utrenniaia zaria [The morning dawn] vol. 5 (Moscow, 1807), pp. 5–81; Kniazhevich's, D.M. remarks on the role of Russia's rulers as enlighteners in Blagonamerennyi [The well-intentioned] vol. 11, No. 1 (St. Petersburg, January, 1821), pp. 49–63 (under pseudonym “K”). See also Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., A Parting of the Ways. Government and the Educated Public in Russia 1801–1855 (Oxford, 1976), pp. 63–5.Google Scholar

8. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiskoi imperii s 1649 goda, 1st ser. (hereafter cited as PSZ), vol. 27, no. 20.407 (September 8, 1802), p. 249, vol. 28, no. 21.501 (November 5, 1804), pp. 631, 640. “What is it that leads us to a recognition of those great obligations which we must have towards (lawful) power, towards the fatherland, towards our neighbor?—Knowledge”—address of Nikolai Kreshchanovskii at the opening of a parish school in the village of a landlord, Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia [Periodical works about the success of public education] (St. Petersburg, 1806), No. 15, p. 338. Mizko, Dmitry, director of schools for Ekaterinoslav, at the solemn opening of Ekaterinoslav Gymnasium, urged the relationship between the educational activities of the government and a prosperous, virtuous and peaceable population, where “superstition” based on “crudity” of understanding, had been removed, ibid. (1815), No. 13, p. 107. Such addresses, filled with eighteenth-century commonplaces, were frequently printed.Google Scholar

9. Praises of the ruler as an enlightener, heard at so many school ceremonies in Alexander's reign, were current also in the time of Catherine, as in the address of the teacher Ivan Karvanovskii at the opening May 2, 1789 of the Kiev Major Public School, Sbornik materialov dlia istorii prosveshcheniia v Rossii [Collection of materials for the history of education in Russia] vol. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1893), pp. 61–2.Google Scholar

10. Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1806), No. 14, pp. 179–80.Google Scholar

11. Moskovskiia vedomosti [The Moscow Gazette] No. 1 January 1, 1804, p. 7.Google Scholar

12. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti [The St. Petersburg Gazette] No. 31, April 15, 1804, p. 979.Google Scholar

13. Ibid., No. 26 March 31, 1805, p. 305.Google Scholar

14. Ibid., No. 86 October 27, 1805, p. 985.Google Scholar

15. Ibid., No. 9 February 1, 1810, pp. 127–8.Google Scholar

16. Severnaia pochta [The northern post] No. 36 May 5, 1815.Google Scholar

17. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 4 January 14, 1816, p. 31; Severnaia pochta No. 92 November 17, 1815.Google Scholar

18. Severnaia pochta No. 97 December 5, 1817.Google Scholar

19. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 96 December 1, 1805, pp. 1085–6.Google Scholar

20. Ibid. No. 92 November 17, 1808, p. 1348, No. 21 March 12, 1812, p. 322; Zhurnal Departamenta Narodnago Prosveshcheniia [Journal of the Department of Public Education] vol. 4, no. 2 (St. Petersburg, February, 1822): 152–3.Google Scholar

21. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 48 June 14, 1804, p. 1417, No. 57 July 15, 1804, p. 1695; Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1804), No. 7, p. 72.Google Scholar

22. Sbornik postanovlenii po ministerstvu narodnago prosveshcheniia [Collection of decrees of the ministry of public education] vol. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1875), pp. 859–62.Google Scholar

23. Bliokh, I.S., Financy Rossii XIX stoletiia. Istoriia—statistika [The finances of Russia in the nineteenth century. History—statistics] vol. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1882); Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1804) No. 5, pp. 14–6, No. 6, p. 46, No. 7, p. 66, (1805), No. 8, pp. 71–6, No. 13, pp. 23–39; Kniaz'kov, S.A. and Serbov, N.I., Ocherk istorii narodnago obrazovaniia v Rossii do epokhi reform A leksandra II [An outline of the history of public education in Russia until the epoch of the reforms of Alexander II] (Moscow, 1910), p. 175; Rozhdestvenskii, S.V., Ocherki po istorii sistem narodnago prosveshcheniia v Rossii v XVIII–XIX vekakh [Outlines of the history of the system of public education in Russia in the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries] vol. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1912) in Zapiski Istoriko-Filologicheskago Fakul'teta Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Universiteta [Transactions of the Historical-Philological Faculty of the Imperial St. Petersburg University] vol. 104 CIV St. Petersburg, 1912), pp. 596–603; Rozhdestvenskii, , Istoricheskii obzor, pp. 51–2. Summaries of some of the larger donations may be found in Bogdanovich, Modest, Istoriia Tsarstvovaniia Imperatora Aleksandra I i Rossii v ego vremia [History of the reign of the Emperor Alexander I and the Russia of his times] 6 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1869–71) vol. 1, 156–8; vol. 3, 718–9; vol. 5, 214–6.Google Scholar

24. Zhurnal Komiteta Ministrov. Tsarstvovanie Imperatora Aleksandra I [Journal of the Committee of Ministers. The reign of Emperor Alexander I] 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1888–91) vol. 2, 37, 229, 367 (March 16, 1810, September 6, 1811, March 30, 1812).Google Scholar

25. Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1805), No. 13, pp. 23–39.Google Scholar

26. PSZ vol. 27 No. 20.597 (January 26, 1803), p. 442. “Town societies” were to support parish schools in urban areas, “the parishioners” in the state owned villages and landlords were to arrange the finances of schools in privately owned villages, Sbornik postanovlenii vol. 1, 366.Google Scholar

27. Appendix to Bliokh, , Finantsy Rossii. Google Scholar

28. Moskovskiivedomosti No. 93 November 20, 1801, p. 2201. Although the Alexander Nobles' School in Tula was for the nobility, a Tula merchant donated 500 rubles, ibid. No. 29 April 9, 1802, p. 44.Google Scholar

29. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 59 July 25, 1802, p. 1558.Google Scholar

30. Ibid. No. 64 August 12, 1802, pp. 1632–3.Google Scholar

31. Severnyi vestnik vol. 4 (1804), pp. 317–21.Google Scholar

32. Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1803) No. 2, pp. 158–62; Severnyi vestnik vol. 2 (1804), pp. 237–45. The school became known as the Demidov School of Higher Studies.Google Scholar

33. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 20 March 28, 1812, p. 308.Google Scholar

34. Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1803) No. 2, pp. 175–6; Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 23 March 18, 1804, p. 707.Google Scholar

35. PSZ vol. 28 No. 21.497 (November 5, 1804), pp. 569–70.Google Scholar

36. Sbornik postanovlenii vol. 1, 466–7, 975–6.Google Scholar

37. Medynskii, , Istoriia russkoi pedagogii, pp. 125–6; Sbornik postanovlenii vol. 1, 1044–50.Google Scholar

38. In 1813 there were more than 30 private pensions in the St. Petersburg area. Sbornik postanovlenii vol. 1, 810.Google Scholar

39. Moskovskie vedomosti No. 2 January 5, 1807, pp. 23–4; Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1806) No. 5, p. 260; Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 7 January 24, 1808, p. 77. A Kostroma merchant gave 1,000 rubles to the gymnasium there, ibid. No. 2 January 5, 1812, p. 14. The list of donors to the gymnasium in Viatka (opened in November, 1811) includes a bishop, a number of priests, government officials, nobles, teachers and merchants, ibid. No. 4 January 12, 1812, p. 38. Later a Viatka merchant gave 4,000 rubles to the gymnasium and a merchant in Kharkov 2,500 rubles to the district school, ibid. No. 21 March 12, 1812, p. 323. A merchant in Simbirsk province and the district judge each granted 500 rubles for a school house and for the teacher's salary when the minor public school was turned into a district school, ibid. No. 65 August 14, 1808, p. 975. The list of donations for a district school in Vorovsk in 1808 includes 100 rubles from the “town community,” along with minor donations of from 25 to two rubles from town officials, judges, merchants and teachers to total 309 rubles, 50 copecks, ibid. No. 56 July 13, 1809, pp. 731–2.Google Scholar

40. Ibid. No. 66 August 16, 1808, p. 984. A later report said that at the school opening in September, 1808 one official gave 25 rubles and a merchant promised to renovate the building at his own expense and to provide 100 rubles for material for a stone school house, ibid. No. 97 December 4, 1808, p. 1409.Google Scholar

41. Ibid. No. 25 March 27, 1817, p. 262.Google Scholar

42. Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1812) No. 32, p. 292.Google Scholar

43. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 75 September 17, 1809, pp. 960–1.Google Scholar

44. Zhurnal zakonodatel'stva na 1819 god [Journal of legislation] Book 1 (St. Petersburg, 1820), pp. 275–6; Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 37 May 7, 1812, p. 570; Sbornik postanovlenii vol. 1, 740–1, 973–4.Google Scholar

45. Severnaiapochta No. 2 January 10, 1812; Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 11 February 6, 1812, p. 153. In Valuiki, Voronezh province, a staff captain who was the marshal of the nobility and the honorary school supervisor, gave 2,250 rubles to build a school (presumably district) and allowed classes in his own home until the building was finished, Severnaia pochta No. 41 May 23, 1814.Google Scholar

46. Sanktpeterburgskiiavedomosti No. 11 February 6, 1812, p. 153. The Mozhaisk school was in the supervisor's home until 1815 when a school was built in the town, ibid. No. 17 February 26, 1816, p. 181. For similar items, ibid. No. 1 January 3, 1813, p. 1, No. 50 June 24, 1813, p. 557, No. 59 July 24, 1814, p. 615, No. 6 January 18, 1824, p. 61.Google Scholar

47. Ibid. No. 21 March 13, 1814, p. 205. The honorary supervisor of Rzhevskii District School gave 500 rubles and promised to donate his pension, ibid. No. 70 September 1, 1814, p. 723. Sometimes these supervisors donated books and supplies, ibid. No. 1 January 3, 1813, p. 1, ibid. No. 80 October 6, 1814, p. 814. Besides building school houses they provided money to maintain teachers and to support poor students, ibid. No. 50 June 24, 1813, p. 557, No. 59 July 24, 1814, p. 615.Google Scholar

48. Ibid. No. 19 March 6, 1814, p. 195. A landlord in 1810 gave a thousand rubles to the Orenburg Department of Public Welfare as a “renewed proposal” to build a school house, Severnaiapochta No. 102 October 22, 1810. The nobility of Lubenskii district in Poltava province agreed to donate “from the nobles' income” 10 copecks per “soul” for a district school, Sanktpeterburgskiiavedomosti No. 69 August 22, 1814, p. 715. For similar donations by “soul” in Poltava province, along with donations from merchants, ibid. No. 25 April 30, 1815, p. 351. The nobility of Pecheroskii district, Smolensk province, in 1814 donated for books and other supplies for the district school 890 rubles, 99 copecks, ibid. No. 99 December 11, 1814, p. 990.Google Scholar

49. Ibid. No. 19 March 6, 1814, p. 195. Citizens of “various societies” in Dubossary agreed in 1810 to donate “from the income of the town” two thousand rubles a year to maintain a “public school” (presumably a district school) and to conduct a drive for pledges to build a school house, Severnaia pochta No. 87 August 31, 1810. The town council (“duma”) of Zhuzhginskaia pledged from 200 to 300 rubles a year for a district school, Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 67 August 20, 1820, p. 818.Google Scholar

50. The marshal of the nobility in Rogachev along with prominent officials and “citizens” celebrated the birthday of the emperor by presenting 850 rubles and some books to the local school. Earlier they had pledged the sums necessary to build the school, but whether it was a parish or a district school or a combination of the two is not made clear, Severnaia pochta No. 2 January 7, 1811.Google Scholar

51. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 67 August 20, 1820, p. 818.Google Scholar

52. A Colonel Polivanov, who had been chosen by the nobility of Iaroslavl province as the honorary supervisor of a district school in Danilov, purchased a two-story house at a cost of 4,000 rubles, while the “citizen” Ezhevoz, the regular supervisor of the school, persuaded the “town society” to grant 400 rubles annually for maintenance; Ezhevoz himself made a one-time donation of a thousand rubles, ibid. No. 9 January 31, 1813, p. 83. The honorary supervisor of the district school in Novosil, Tula province, as the district marshal of the nobility persuaded the nobles to pledge 2,250 rubles for educating children of the poor nobility. He himself donated 4,727 rubles, ibid. No. 26 April 1, 1821, p. 314. When the minor public school in Dorogobuzh, Smolensk province, was turned into a district school, a parish school was established along with it. The honorary supervisor donated 500 rubles, pledged an annual gift of 250 rubles and promised as well to supply a library to cost at least 1,000 rubles. The “town society” pledged 230 rubles a year for the parish school, while various individuals donated 986 rubles, Zhurnal Departamenta Narodnago Prosveshcheniia vol. 3 (September, 1821), pp. 100–1.Google Scholar

53. Severnaia pochta No. 69 August 28, 1815.Google Scholar

54. Ibid. No. 4 January 12, 1816.Google Scholar

55. Zapiski, izdavaemyia ot Departamenta Narodnago Prosveshcheniia vol. 1, 378–9.Google Scholar

56. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 13 February 13, 1806, p. 125.Google Scholar

57. Ibid. No. 60 July 27, 1809, p. 782.Google Scholar

58. Ibid. No. 39 April 14, 1818, p. 283.Google Scholar

59. Ibid. No. 38 May 11, 1817, p. 401.Google Scholar

60. Ibid. No. 28 April 5, 1812, p. 431.Google Scholar

61. Ibid. No. 104 December 29, 1814, p. 1041.Google Scholar

62. As for example ibid. No. 12 February 11, 1810, p. 176; Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1810) No. 26, p. 239.Google Scholar

63. Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1809) No. 22, p. 204.Google Scholar

64. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 38 May 11, 1809, p. 483.Google Scholar

65. Severnaia pochta No. 10 February 24, 1812.Google Scholar

66. Figures which Hans cites show there were 600 parish schools in 1825, Hans, Nicholas, History of Russian Educational Policy (1701–1917) (London, 1931), p. 59. It is not possible to determine how many of these were in villages and how many in towns, but Hans believes they were for the most part not in rural areas, Hans, Nicholas, The Russian Tradition in Education (London, 1963), p. 21. For the view that there were virtually no schools for the peasant: Simkovitch, Valdimir G. “The history of the school in Russia,” Educational Review (May, 1907): 506; Leary, Daniel Bell, Education and Autocracy in Russia. From the Origins to the Bolsheviki (Buffalo, 1919), pp. 52–3; Kaidonova, O.V., Ocherki po istorii narodnago obrazovaniia v Rossii i SSSR no osnove lichnogo opyta i nabliudenii [Outlines of the history of public education in Russia and the USSR on the basis of personal experience and observation] 2 vols. (Brussels, 1938–9) vol. 1, 108.Google Scholar

67. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 42 May 27, 1810, p. 606; No. 50 June 21, 1812, p. 781; No. 17 February 27, 1814, p. 167.Google Scholar

68. Ibid. No. 30 April 13, 1815, p. 290.Google Scholar

69. Ibid. No. 78 September 28, 1815, p. 83, one school with 38 pupils, a second with ten and a third with 19.Google Scholar

70. Ibid. No. 34 April 27, 1815, p. 343.Google Scholar

71. Ibid. No. 42 May 26, 1816, p. 411.Google Scholar

72. Ibid. No. 19 March 7, 1816, p. 179.Google Scholar

73. Ibid. No. 37 May 7, 1818, p. 407.Google Scholar

74. Ibid. No. 80 October 5, 1809, p. 1012; No. 39 May 14, 1812, p. 603; No. 44 May 31, 1812, p. 68; No. 37 May 7, 1818, p. 407; No. 55 July 11, 1819, p. 625; No. 67 August 20, 1820, p. 818; No. 68 August 24, 1812; Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1810) No. 26, p. 239; (1813) No. 24, p. 140.Google Scholar

75. Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 25 May 2, 1813, p. 384.Google Scholar

76. Ibid. No. 95 November 27, 1814, p. 957.Google Scholar

77. Ibid. No. 7 January 23, 1817, p. 59.Google Scholar

78. Ibid. No. 13 January 13, 1817, p. 123.Google Scholar

79. As for example, town of Griazovets, , ibid. No. 8 January 28, 1821, p. 83.Google Scholar

80. Zhurnal Departamenta Narodnago Prosveshcheniia vol. 3 (September, 1821), p. 98.Google Scholar

81. Zhurnal Komiteta Ministrov vol. 2 438–9 (May 11, 1812); Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 44 May 31, 1812, p. 688; Periodic heskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1813) No. 34, p. 140.Google Scholar

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86. Periodicheskoe sochinenie o uspekhakh narodnago prosveshcheniia (1810) No. 27, p. 356.Google Scholar

87. PSZ vol. 30 No. 23.1222 (June 26, 1808), pp. 368–95; Edwards, , “Count Joseph Marie de Maistre,” p. 55.Google Scholar

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89. Moskovskie vedomosti No. 17 February 26, 1810, pp. 430–1.Google Scholar

90. For example, Sanktpeterburgskiia vedomosti No. 62 August 5, 1810, p. 893; No. 32 April 21, 1811, p. 472; No. 23 March 21, 1811, p. 33; No. 70 September 1, 1811, pp. 1041–2. Items of this nature continued throughout the reign, ibid. No. 6 January 20, 1825, p. 57.Google Scholar

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