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N. H. R. Dawson: United States Commissioner of Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Kenneth R. Johnson
Kenneth R. Johnson*
Affiliation:
Florence State University
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Extract

The United States Bureau of Education was never popular with Southerners, who saw it as a potential instrument of federal intervention into state affairs. But in spite of Southern opposition in Congress, the bureau grew in size and influence after its creation in 1867.

Type
Notes and Documents I
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , Summer 1971 , pp. 174 - 183
Copyright
Copyright © 1971 History of Education Quarterly 

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References

Notes

1. Cate, Wirt A., Lucius Q. C. Lamar (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1935), p. 426; National Education Association, Proceedings, 1906 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1907), p. 290.Google Scholar

2. Birmingham Age, August 6, 1886; Ford, Thomas B., “The Educational Contribution of the Commissioners of Education 1867–1928” (Ph.D. diss., American University, Washington, D.C., 1933), p. 47; Jackson, Walter M., The Story of Selma (Birmingham, Ala.: Birmingham Printing Co., 1954), p. 411; Smith, Darrell H., The Bureau of Education (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1932), p. 13.Google Scholar

3. Jackson, , The Story of Selma pp. 104, 190, 192, 255–56, 272, 290–92, 350, 406, 411–12; Owens, Thomas M., History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography (Chicago: The Clark, S. J. Publishing Co., 1921), III, 471; Hardy, John, Selma, Her Institutions and Her Men (1879; facsimile reprint ed., Selma, , Ala.: Neville, Bert and DeBray, Clarence, 1957), pp. 76, 78, 81, 120, 152, 167; Witherspoon DuBose, John, Alabama's Tragic Decade 1865–1874, ed. Greer, James K. (Birmingham, Ala.: Webb Book Co., 1940), pp. 10–13; Florence (Ala.) North Star, March 18, 1884; Dawson, N. H. R. to General Gorgas, Josiah, August 14, 1872, Josiah Gorgas Papers, Jessie Ball DuPont Library, University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn.; Clark, Willis G., History of Education in Alabama, 1702–1889 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1889), pp. 103, 108–11; Sellers, James B., History of the University of Alabama (University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1953), I, 319, 358–59, 490; Birmingham Age, June 12, 1886; Mobile Daily Register, June 11 and 12, 1886.Google Scholar

4. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1887–1888 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), pp. 18–19 (hereafter cited as Commissioner's Report). Google Scholar

5. Ibid., p. 36–38.Google Scholar

6. Ibid., p. 20–21.Google Scholar

7. Ibid., p. 32–33, 320.Google Scholar

8. Ibid., p. 37.Google Scholar

9. Ibid., p. 32–33.Google Scholar

10. Ibid., p. 21–33; Going, Allen J., “The South and the Blair Education Bill,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review XLIV (September, 1957), 277.Google Scholar

11. Commissioner's Report, 1887–1888, pp. 11–16; Smith, , The Bureau of Education, p. 13.Google Scholar

12. Smith, , The Bureau of Education pp. 13, 20; Kursh, Harry, The United States Office of Education; A Century of Service (New York: Chilton Books, 1965), pp. 11–12. Efficiency in the bureau was increased despite the use of positions to reward party service. See Lamar, L. Q. C. to Dawson, N. H. R., February 15, 1887, Lamar, L. Q. C. Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss.Google Scholar

13. Wesley, Edgar B., NEA: The First Hundred Years (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1957), p. 247; Cate, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, pp. 452, 244–45; National Education Association, Proceedings of the Department of Superintendence, 1889 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

14. Commissioner's Report, 1887–1888, p. xx.Google Scholar

15. Commissioner's Report, 1886–1887, p. 32; Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska (New York: Random House, 1954), pp. 58–59; Paddock Nichols, Jeannette, Alaska (New York: Russell and Russell, 1963), pp. 102–4; Sitka Alaskan, November 15, 1885.Google Scholar

16. Commissioner's Report, 1886–1887, pp. 33–38; Jackson, , The Story of Selma, pp. 408–90.Google Scholar

17. Gruening, , The State of Alaska pp. 508, 60–62; Commissioner's Report, 1886–1887, pp. 39–60; ibid., 1887–1888, p. xx.Google Scholar

18. Commissioner's Report, 1886–1887, pp. 19–21, 26–28.Google Scholar

19. Ibid., p. 22–23.Google Scholar

20. Commissioner's Report, 1887–1888. pp. 54–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21. Ibid., p. 54.Google Scholar

22. Ibid., p. 35–49.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., p. 49–53, ix; Smith, , The Bureau of Education p. 28; Colyer Meriwether, “Historical Studies in the South,” The South in the Building of the Nation (Richmond, Va.: The Southern Publication Society, 1909), pp. 112–13.Google Scholar

24. Jackson, , The Story of Selma p. 411; Mobile Daily Register, October 11, 1888.Google Scholar

25. Commissioner's Report, 1887–1888, p. 59.Google Scholar

26. Jackson, , The Story of Selma pp. 411–13.Google Scholar