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⁴ For historical definitions and discussions of progressive pedagogy, see John L. Rury, Education and Social Change: Themes in the History of American Schooling (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002), 142–48; David F. Labaree, The Trouble with Ed Schools (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 144–45.Google Scholar

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¹¹ See, e.g., “Practical Teaching,” (ms, 1962), enclosed with Agyeman, G. J. to Principal Secretary, 16 July 1962; Dzansi, T. Y., “District Education Officer, Keta. Teachers’ Practical Training,” (ms, 31 October 1961); Edward Oduro to Ministry of Education, 16 April 1963, all in folder 2225, RG 3/5, PRAAD.Google Scholar

¹² Afari, “Education for Freedom and Authority in Ghana,” 125, 77, 28.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ Heyneman, S.P., “The History and Problems in the Making of Education Policy at the World Bank, 1960–2000,” International Journal of Educational Development 23 (May 2003): 317–18; Heyneman, “Development Aid in Education: A Personal View,” International Journal of Educational Development 19 (1999): 185–90; Chaplin, “Specific New Approaches to Education Programming,” 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ Although Western donor agencies largely ignored primary and secondary education in Ghana and the rest of Africa during the 1960s, Western volunteer agencies were deeply involved in this sector. The most important example was the Peace Corps, which sent the first group of volunteers in its history—all of them teachers—to Ghana in 1961. See Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, All You Need Is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 148–82.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Chaplin, B. H. G. to Principal Secretary, folder 467, RG 3/1, PRAAD; Chaplin, “Specific New Approaches to Education Programming,” 14; Boateng, “Second Brief Course,” 6.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Moss, G. L. to Edward Stafford, 6 May 1964; Stafford to Moss, 8 July 1964, both in folder 501; “Science in the Primary and Middle Schools. Introduction,” (ms, n.d. [1965]). folder 469, all in RG 3/1, PRAAD.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Pearson, C., “What Does GAFT Do?” Bulletin of the Ghana Association of French Teachers, no. 9 (October 1969): 3; Barrett, W. F., “Teaching–Training with Special Reference to the Training of Teachers of French at the University College of Cape Coast,” Bulletin of the Ghana Association of French Teachers, no. 13 (June 1970): 32–33; Pratt, S. A. M., “Some Problems Involved in Writing a ‘Practical French Course,’” Bulletin of the Ghana Association of French Teachers, no. 10 (December 1969): 17; Hiamey, N. K., “Report on the Dormaa Ahenkro In-Service Training Course January 18th–24th 1970,” Bulletin of the Ghana Association of French Teachers, no. 12 (April 1970): 18–20, all in folder 177, RG3/2, PRAAD.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Martin, William Ted to Former Participants in the African Mathematics Program, 12 June 1975, “African Mathematics Program,” folder, box 1; “Proposals Will Be Studied,” Ghanaian Times, 22 December 1961, untitled folder, box 3, both in William Ted Martin Papers, Manuscript Collection 425, Institute Archives and Special Collections, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; O. Ukeje, “The Entebbe Mathematics,” West African Journal of Education 9, no. 1 (February 1965): 17–18; “Report on the 1968 Entebbe Mathematics Seminar for Primary School Teachers and Headteachers,” (ms, 1968), pp. 5–6, folder 509, RG 3/1, PRAAD.Google Scholar

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²¹ Asante, P. O., “Elementary School Experimental Science Scheme,” (ms, 25–26 February 1965); Asante to Adu Ampomah, et al., 5 February 1966, both in folder 469, RG 3/1, PRAAD.Google Scholar

²² Addy, Lucy, “Visit Report,” (ms, 1 January 1965); Addy, “Visit Report,” (ms, 3 December 1965), both in folder 507; “Report on the 1969 Easter Vacation Mathematics Seminar for Primary and Middle School Head-Teachers and Teachers,” (ms, 1969), p. 3, folder 509, all in RG 3/1, PRAAD; Mortagbe, “The State of Mathematics Teaching in Primary Schools,” 2–3.Google Scholar

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²⁵ Takyi, Martin K. to William T. Martin, 29 January 1974, “E.D.C.” folder, box 1, Martin Papers; Headteacher, La-Bonne Presbyterian Primary School, “Entebbe Mathematics Experiment. Progress Report on Above Experiment in This School,” (ms, 16 December 1965), folder 475, RG 3/1; Kojo Botsio to Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, ? February 1963, folder 120; “Extract from the Minutes of a Meeting of the Cabinet Held on the 29th October 1963,” (ms, 1963), folder 137; Minister of Foreign Affairs, “Subject: Science Equipment for Secondary Schools,” (ms, n.d. [1963]), folder 120, all in RG 3/2; D. A Brown, “Memorandum for Consideration by the National Liberation Council,” (ms, 26 April 1966), p. 2, folder 1642, RG 3/5; E. S. Data to Principal Secretary, 14 June 1963, folder 120, RG 3/2, all in PRAAD.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Addy, Lucy L., “Visit Report,” (ms, 21 March 1966), folder 507, RG 3/1; Headteacher, Accra New Town Primary School to Chief Education Officer, 15 December 1965, folder 475, both in RG 3/1, PRAAD; Laryea, M. G. A., “Science Centres—Report of Final Visit for 1966–67,”; Moss, G. L. to Science Centre Teachers, 26 January 1966; Mills, J. W. L. to Regional Education Officers, 15 October 1965, both in folder 501, RG 3/1, PRAAD.Google Scholar

²⁸ “Pioneer Out to Play a Great Role—Baako,” Ghanaian Times, 18 November 1963, folder 1120; “The Party is above Every Individual,” Evening News, 2 December 1963, folder 1003, both in BAA Papers; “2-Year Teacher Training Plan to Stop,” Daily Graphic, 5 December 1961, 1.Google Scholar

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³¹ Kitchen, , ed., The Educated African, 346; Kwame Nkrumah to Conor Cruise O'Brien, 14 March 1964, folder 37; “The Activities of the Headmaster of Achimota College, Chapman, Mr. D. A.,” (ms, 9 February 1960), enclosed with Nkrumah to Daniel A. Chapman, 3 September 1960, folder 109, both in BAA Collection; “Educating the Youth in New Ghana,” Daily Graphic, 4 October 1963, 7.Google Scholar

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³³ Adu Boahen, A., Mfantsipim and the Making of Ghana (Accra: Sankofa Educational Publishers, 1996), 452; Jeffrey Ahlman, “Youth, Discipline, and the Making of the Pan-African Citizen,” (unpublished essay, in author's possession), 94; Harber, Politics in African Education, 156; “Help Pioneers Teachers Told,” Daily Graphic, 5 November 1962, 4; “Learn More of Nkrumaism by Reading Speeches of Osagyefo,” Evening News, 12 February 1964; “Pioneer Activities now on School Syllabus,” Ghanaian Times, 18 October 1963, both in folder 1120, BAA Papers; “Teach Ideals of Pioneers in Schools,” Daily Graphic, 3 November 1964, 9; Mills, J. W. L. to Kweku Akwei, 17 June 1964; Owiredu, D. V. to Regional Education Officer, 23 December 1964; Ankrah, J. Addo to Principal Secretary, 12 January 1965; Principal, Krobo Training College to Principal Secretary, 5 November 1964; Annan, G. O. to Principal Secretary, 10 December 1964, all in folder 502, RG 3/1, PRAAD. Special thanks to Jeffrey Ahlman for sharing his new research on the Young Pioneers and nation-building in Ghana.Google Scholar

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