¹ For recent, retrospective evaluation of Aries and his impact, see Wilson, Adrian, “The Infancy of the History of Childhood: An Appraisal of Philippe Aries,” History and Theory 19 (Feb. 1980): 132–53; Vann, Richard T., “The Youth of Centuries of Childhood” History and Theory 21 (May 1982): 279–97; Herlihy, David, “Medieval Children,” in Essays on Medieval Civilization, ed. Lackner, B.K. and Philp, K.R. (Austin, Tex., 1978), 109–42; Davis, Natalie Zemon, “The Reasons of Misrule: Youth Groups and Charivaris in Sixteenth-Century France,” Past & Present No. 50 (Feb. 1971): 41–75; Beales, Ross W. Jr., “In Search of the Historical Child: Miniature Adulthood and Youth in Colonial New England,” American Quarterly 27 (Oct. 1975): 379–98; Tilly, Charles, “Population and Pedagogy in France,” History of Education Quarterly 13 (Summer 1973): 113–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² See Hendrick, Harry, “The History of Childhood and Youth,” Social History 9 (Jan. 1984): 87–96; Gillis, John, “Youth in History: Progress and Prospects,” Journal of Social History 7 (Winter 1974): 201–7; Jarausch, Konrad H., “Restoring Youth to Its Own History,” History of Education Quarterly 15 (Winter 1975): 445–56; Kern, Steven, “The History of Childhood,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 9 (Oct. 1973): 406–12; Calhoun, Daniel, “On the Psychohistory of Childhood,” History of Education Quarterly 14 (Fall 1974): 371–77; Ray Hiner, N., “The Child in American Historiography,” Psychohistory Review 7 (Summer 1978): 13–23.Google Scholar

³ See DeMause, Lloyd, ed., The History of Childhood (New York, 1974); Demos, John, The Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York, 1970); Greven, Philip J., The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America (New York, 1977).Google Scholar

⁴ Kett, Joseph F., Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present (New York, 1977); Gillis, John R., Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations, 1770-Present (New York, 1974; expanded student edition, 1981).Google Scholar

⁵ Elder, Glen H. Jr., “Adolescence in Historical Perspective,” in Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, ed. Adelson, Joseph (New York, 1980), 3–46; Hareven, Tamara K., ed., Transitions: The Family and the Life Course in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978).Google Scholar

⁶ See Katz, Michael B., The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century City (Cambridge, Mass., 1975); Katz, Michael B., Doucet, Michael J., and Stern, Mark J., The Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1982); Ryan, Mary P., Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790–1865 (New York, 1981).Google Scholar

⁷ See Norton Grubb, W. and Lazerson, Marvin, Broken Promises: How Americans Fail Their Children (New York, 1982), among the literature.Google Scholar

⁸ See Katz, , The People; Katz, , Doucet, , and Stern, , Social Organization; Gillis, , Youth and History; Kett, , Rites of Passage; and Ryan, , Cradle.Google Scholar

⁹ See John Sommerville, C., The Rise and Fall of Childhood, for one example.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Csikszentmihalyi, Milhaly and Larsen, Reed, Being Adolescent: Conflict and Growth in the Teenage Years (New York, 1984), 11–12.Google Scholar

¹¹ See Yacovone, Donald, “Home as Found: Transformation and Transubstantiation of the Victorian Family,” Reviews in American History 11 (Dec. 1983): 543–46.Google Scholar

¹² The types of sources exploited by Mintz, Steven and Gorham, Deborah merit critical comparison with those excerpted in Burnett, John, ed., Destiny Obscure: Autobiographies of Childhood, Education, and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s (London, 1982); those used in Vincent, David, Bread, Knowledge, and Freedom: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working Class Autobiography (London, 1981); and with the oral histories collected and being studied by Paul Thompson's Essex University archive of “work, life, and family experience before 1918.” See below.Google Scholar

¹³ See for example Elder, Glen H. Jr., Children of the Great Depression: Social Change in Life Experience (Chicago, 1974), and his more recent essays.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See also Dyhouse, Carol, Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England (London, 1981).Google Scholar

¹⁵ See Note 12, above; for work stemming from the Essex Project, see Thompson, Paul R., The Voice of the Past: Oral History (Oxford, Eng., 1978); Thompson, Paul R., The Edwardians (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Thompson, Thea, Edwardian Childhoods (London, 1981); the journal Oral History, especially “Family History Issue,” 3, 2 (1975).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Compare this work with Sommerville's excellent “Bibliographic Note: Toward a History of Childhood and Youth,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3 (Autumn 1972): 439–47.Google Scholar