¹ For examples of the traditional view, see Hofstadter, Richard, Academic Freedom in the Age of the College (New York, 1955), 209ff.; Hofstadter, and De Witt Hardy, C., The Development and Scope of Higher Education in the United States (New York, 1952), 19–27; and Tewksbury, Donald G., The Founding of American Colleges and Universities before the Civil War, with Particular Reference to the Religious Influences Bearing upon the College Movement (Hamden, Conn., 1965), esp. 3–33. Guralnick, Stanley M., Science and the Ante-Bellum American College (Philadelphia, 1975); Burke, Colin B., American Collegiate Populations: A Test of the Traditional View (New York, 1982).Google Scholar

² This system is briefly described in “The Engineering Schools of the United States, III,” Engineering News 27 (2 Apr. 1892): 318. A modification of this system used on early American public works projects is described in Calhoun, Daniel H., The American Civil Engineer: Origins and Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 24–30.Google Scholar

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