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5 Some recently completed theses and dissertations make important contributions to the topic. In the Canadian context see Hart Caplan, ‘“A Law Unto Oneself: Compulsory Schooling and the Creation of the Student('s) Body in New Brunswick, 1850–1914,” (MA Thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1998); Margaret Ptolemy, “A Postmodern Exploration of the Discourse(s) of Childhood and How They Produce the Active Child's Body: A Case Study of Toronto Parks and Recreation Documents (Ontario),” (MSC, University of Toronto, 1998). American studies include Rebecca Noel, “Schooling the Body: The Intersection of Educational and Medical Reform in New England, 1800–1860,” (Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1999); and Donna Bailey, “Excess, Intimacy, and Discipline: Curriculum of the Body in the Early Childhood Classroom,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1998).Google Scholar

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11 Autobiographies used in this study include Ted Ashlee, Gabby, Ernie and Me: A Vancouver Boyhood (Vancouver: J.J. Douglas, 1976); Robert Thomas Allen, My Childhood and Yours —Happy Memories of Growing Up (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1977); Charlotte Vale Allen, Daddy's Girl (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980); Harry Boyle, Memories of a Catholic Boyhood (Toronto: Doubleday, 1973); Maria Campbell, Half-Breed (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973); Robert Collins, Butter Down the Well: Reflections of a Canadian Childhood (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1980); Mildred Young Hubbert, Since the Day I Was Born (Thornbury: Conestoga Press, 1991); Basil H. Johnson, Indian School Days (Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1988); Catherine Lang, O-bon in Chimunesu—A Community Remembered (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1996); Sing Lim, Westcoast Chinese Boy (Montreal: Tundra Books, 1979); Jean McKay, Gone to Grass (Toronto: Coach House Press, 1983); William C. Macklon, The Fledgling Years (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1990); Fredelle Bruser Maynard, Raisins and Almonds (Don Mills: Paper Jacks, 1964); Mary Peate, Girl in a Red River Coat (Toronto: Irwin and Company, 1970); Girl in a Sloppy Joe Sweater: Life on the Canadian Homefront During World War II (Montreal: Optimum Publishing International Inc., 1988); Lloyd H. Person, Growing Up in Minby (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1976); Helen Porter, Below the Bridge—Memories of the South Side of St. John's (Newfoundland: Breakwater, 1979); Shizuye Takashima, A Child in Prison Camp (Montreal: 1971); Carol Talbot, Growing Up Black in Canada (Toronto: Williams-Wallace Publishers, Inc., 1984); Robert Thompson, Penny Candy, Bobskates, and Frozen Road Apples—Growing Up in the Thirties and Forties (Victoria: Orca Book Publishers, 1990); Robin Williams, A Vancouver Boyhood—Reflections of Growing up in Vancouver, 1925–1945 (Vancouver: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1997).Google Scholar

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21 Canada was not, of course, unique in this respect. See for example Christina Florin and Ulla Johansson, “Three Cultures, Three Stories: Discipline in Grammar Schools, Private Girl's Schools, and Elementary Schools in Sweden, 1850–1900,” in Discipline, Moral Regulation, and Schooling eds., Rousmaniere, Dehli, and de Coninck-Smith, 73–96.Google Scholar

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37 In the European context, Bruce Curtis has shown how shifts in punishment from corporal to moral and emotional suasion shored up bourgeois hegemony. Curtis, “ ‘My Ladie Birchley must needes rule': Punishment and the Materialization of Moral Character from Mulcaster to Lancaster,” in Discipline, Moral Regulation, and Schooling, 19–42.Google Scholar

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43 See for example the experience of Lloyd Person, Growing Up in Minby, 91, 95–96. Parents could also reject the disciplinary efforts of schools. See Ning de Coninck-Smith, “A History of School Detention, or ‘The Little Confinement': A Contribution to the History of Truancy in Denmark From 1875 to ca. 1914,” in Discipline, Moral Regulation, and Schooling, 84–86.Google Scholar

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46 Suggestive comtemporary work on the complex ways children perceive their self-identities through the body is offered in Alison James, Childhood Identities: Self and Social Relationships in the Experience of the Child (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993), 104–106.Google Scholar

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62 Similar findings regarding the implications of space as a refuge for outlawed or taboo sexual and social activity in other contexts include Karen Dubinsky, The Second Greatest Disappointment—Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1999). Steven Maynard, “Through a Hole in the Lavatory Wall: Homosexual Subcultures, Police Surveillance, and the Dialectics of Discovery, Toronto, 1890–1930,” in Gender and History in Canada eds. Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld (Toronto: Copp Clark Ltd., 1996), 165–184.Google Scholar

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