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⁵ This is the theme of Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990), the most complete study of teachers and Progressive reform. For a similar account, see Hogan, David John Class and Reform: School and Society in Chicago, 1880–1930 (Philadelphia, 1985), ch. 5; compare to Urban, Wayne J. Why Teachers Organized (Detroit, 1982).Google Scholar

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