Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T09:14:48.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Redefining African Regions for Linking Open-Source Data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2019

Abstract:

In recent years, an increasing number of online archival databases of primary sources related to the history of the African diaspora and slavery have become freely and readily accessible for scholarly and public consumption. This proliferation of digital projects and databases presents a number of challenges related to aggregating data geographically according to the movement of people in and out of Africa across time and space. As a requirement to linking data of open-source digital projects, it has become necessary to delimit the entire continent of precolonial Africa during the era of the slave trade into broad regions and sub-regions that can allow the grouping of data effectively and meaningfully.

Résumé:

Au cours de ces dernières années, un nombre croissant de bases de données d’archives en ligne contenant des sources liées à l’histoire de la diaspora africaine et de l’esclavage est devenu librement et facilement accessible pour les universitaires et le grand public. Cette prolifération de projets et de bases de données numériques pose un certain nombre de problèmes liés à l’agrégation géographique de données traitant de la circulation des personnes en Afrique et en dehors du continent à travers le temps et l’espace. Pour relier les données de ces projets numériques au code source ouvert, il est devenu nécessaire de diviser tout le continent africain à l’époque de la traite des esclaves en de vastes régions et sous-régions permettant le regroupement des données de manière efficace et significative.

Type
Re-Mapping Africa
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abir, Mordechai, “The Ethiopian Slave Trade and its Relation to the Islamic World,” in: Willis, John R. (ed.), Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa, volume 2 (London: Frank Cass, 1985), 123136.Google Scholar
Adeagbo Akinjogbin, Isaac, Dahomey and Its Neighbours (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967).Google Scholar
Ahmad, Abussamad H., “Darita, Bagemdir: An Historic Town and Its Muslim Population, 1830–1889,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 223 (1989), 439451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Richard B., “The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” Slavery & Abolition 24–2 (2003), 3350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Richard B., “The Constant Demand of the French: The Mascarene Slave Trade and the Worlds of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” Journal of African History 491 (2008), 4372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpers, Edward A., Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar, Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Bodenhamer, David J., Corrigan, John and Harris, Trevor M., The Spatial Humanities: GIS and the Future of Humanities Scholarship (Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Bodenhamer, David J., Corrigan, John and Harris, Trevor M., Deep Maps and Spatial Narratives (Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boonstra, Onno, “Barriers Between Historical GIS and Historical Scholarship,” International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 3–1/2 (2010), 37.Google Scholar
Brooks, George E., Eurafricans in Western Africa: Commerce, Social Status, Gender, and Religious Observance from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Brooks, George E., Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society, and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630 (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Brown, Carolyn, and Lovejoy, Paul E. (eds.), Repercussions of the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Interior of the Bight of Biafra and the African Diaspora (Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Campbell, Gwyn, An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Candido, Mariana P., “Slave Trade and New Identities in Benguela, 1700–1860,” Portuguese Studies Review 19–1 (2011), 5975.Google Scholar
Candido, Mariana P., An African Slaving Port and the Atlantic World: Benguela and its Hinterland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candido, Mariana P., “Conquest, Occupation, Colonialism and Exclusion: Land Disputes in Angola,” in: Serrão, José Vicente et al. (eds.), Property Rights, Land and Territory in the European Overseas Empires (Lisbon: CEHC-IUL, 2014), 223233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capela, José, “Moçambique e Brasil: Interferência culturais e políticias pela via do tráfico da escravatura,” in: Liberato, Carlos, Candido, Mariana, Lovejoy, Paul and Soulodre-La France, Renée (eds.), Laços Atlânticos: África e africanos durante a era do comércio transatlântico de escravos (Luanda: Museu da Escravatura, 2017), 154172.Google Scholar
Carvalho Soares, Mariza, “From Gbe to Yoruba: Ethnic Change and The Mina Nation in Rio de Janeiro,” in: Falola, Toyin and Childs, Matt D. (eds.), The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 231247.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, William G. (ed.), The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century (London: Frank Cass, 1989).Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip D., The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969).Google Scholar
Da Fonseca Ferreira, Aurora, A Kisama em Angola do século XVI ao início do século XX. Autonomia, ocupação e resistência, 2 volumes (Luanda: Kilombelombe, 2012).Google Scholar
Dear, Michael, Ketchum, Jim, Luria, Sarah and Richardson, Douglas, GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place (London: Routledge, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Carvalho, Flávia Maria, Sobas e homens do rei. Relações de poder e escravidão em Angola (séculos XVII e XVIII) (Maceió, Alagoas: Edufal, 2015).Google Scholar
Diouf, Sylviane A., Servants of Allah. African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (New York: New York University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Do Amaral, Ilídio, O Reino do Congo, os Mbundu (ou Ambundos), o Reino dos “Ngola” (ou de Angola) e a presença portuguesa de finais do século XV a meados do século XVI (Lisbon: Ministério da Ciência e da Tecnologia/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, 1996).Google Scholar
Domingues da Silva, Daniel B., The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eltis, David, “Construction of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database: Sources and Methods: Geographic Data,” in: Eltis, David et al., Voyages , http://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/understanding-db/methodology–10, published online in 2010.Google Scholar
Eltis, David, and Richardson, David, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven CN: Yale University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Falola, Toyin, and Childs, Matt D. (eds.), Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Ferreira, Roquinaldo Amaral, Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil during the Era of the Slave Trade (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freudenthal, Aida, “Benguela - da feitoria à cidade colonial,” Fontes & Estudos 6–7 (2011), 197229.Google Scholar
Gomes, Armindo Jaime, Os Sobas. Apontamentos Etno-Históricos Sobre Os Ovimbundu de Benguela (Benguela: GAL, 2002).Google Scholar
Fromont, Cécile, The Art of Conversion Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo (Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fynn, John Kofi, Asante and its Neighbours, 1700–1807 (Evanston IL: Longman, 1971).Google Scholar
Gaffield, Chad, “Map Quests: Scaling the Past in the Digital Age,” Perspectives on History (2016), https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october–2016/map-quests-scaling-the-past-in-the-digital-age, accessed 4 September 2018.Google Scholar
Gregory, Ian N., and Geddes, Alistair, Toward Spatial Humanities: Historical GIS and Spatial History (Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Hair, Paul E.H., “Ethnolinguistic Continuity on the Guinea Coast,” Journal of African History 8–2 (1967), 247268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harries, Patrick, “Slavery, Indenture and Migrant Labour: Maritime Immigration from Mozambique to the Cape, c.1780–1880,” African Studies 73–3 (2014), 323340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harries, Patrick, “Mozambique Island, Cape Town and the Organisation of the Slave Trade in the South-West Indian Ocean, c. 1797–1807,” Journal of Southern African Studies 42–3 (2016), 409427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawthorne, Walter, Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformations along the Guinea-Bissau Coast, 1400–1900 (Portsmouth NH: Heinemann, 2003).Google Scholar
Hawthorne, Walter, From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heintze, Beatrix, “Historical Notes on the Kisama of Angola,” Journal of African History 133 (1972), 407418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heintze, Beatrix, “Ngonga a Mwiza: um sobado angolano sob domino português no século XVII,” Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos 8–9 (1988), 221234.Google Scholar
Heintze, Beatrix, Angola nos séculos XVI e XVII. Estudo sobre fontes, métodos e história (Luanda: Kilombelombe, 2007).Google Scholar
Heywood, Linda M., “Production, Trade and Power. The Political Economy of Central Angola, 1850–1930,” PhD thesis, Columbia University (New York, 1984).Google Scholar
Heywood, Linda M. (ed.), Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Heywood, Linda M., “Slavery and Its Transformation in the Kingdom of Kongo: 1491–1800,” Journal of African History 50–1 (2009), 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, Linda M., Njinga of Angola: Africa’s Warrior Queen (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, Linda M., and Thornton, John K., Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Making of the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Hooper, Jane, and Eltis, David, “The Indian Ocean in Transatlantic Slavery,” Slavery and Abolition 34–3 (2013), 353375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopper, Mathew S., Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunwick, Jiohn O., and Powell, Eve Troutt, The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2002).Google Scholar
Imbua, David, Lovejoy, Paul and Miller, Ivor (eds.), Calabar on the Cross River: Historical and Cultural Studies (Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Isaacman, Allen, Mozambique: the Africanization of a European Institution, the Zambezi Prazos, 1750–1902 (Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972).Google Scholar
Jones, Adam, and Johnson, Marion, “Slaves from the Windward Coast,” Journal of African History 21–1 (1980), 1734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konadu, Kwasi, The Akan Diaspora in the Americas (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, Anne K., “Emerging Trends in Historical GIS,” Historical Geography 33 (2005), 713.Google Scholar
Knowles, Anne K., “Why We Must Make Maps: Historical Geography as a Visual Craft,” Historical Geography 42 (2014), 326.Google Scholar
Knowles, Anne K., “Historical Geographic Information Systems and Social Science History,” Social Science History 40–4 (2016), 741750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krug, Jessica A., Fugitive Modernities: Kisama and the Politics of Freedom (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
La Rue, George M., “Land Documents in Dār Fūr Sultanate (Sudan, 1785–1875), Between Memory and Archives,” Afriques 7 (2016), http://journals.openedition.org/afriques/1896.Google Scholar
La Rue, George M., “Seeking Freedom in Multiple Contexts: An Enslaved Sudanese Woman’s Life Trajectory, ca. 1800–1834,” Journal of Global Slavery 2–1 (2017), 1143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauderdale Graham, Sandra, “Being Yoruba in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro,” Slavery and Abolition 32–1 (2011), 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, Robin, The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550–1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society (New York: Clarendon Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Law, Robin, The Oyo Empire, c.1600-c.1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade (Brookfield: Gregg Revivals, 1993 [1977])Google Scholar
Law, Robin, “Ethnicity and the Slave Trade: ‘Lucumi’ and ‘Nago’ as Ethnonyms in West Africa,” History in Africa 24 (1997), 205219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Henry B., “Redrawing Historical Maps of the Bight of Benin Hinterland, c. 1780,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 473 (2013), 446463.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Henry B., “Mapping Uncertainty: The Collapse of Oyo and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, 1816–1836,” Journal of Global Slavery (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Henry B., and Ojo, Olatunji, “‘Lucumi,’ ‘Terranova,’ and the Origins of the Yoruba Nation,” Journal of African History 563 (2015), 353372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E., “Extending the Frontiers of Transatlantic Slavery, Partially,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 401 (2009), 5770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E., Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011 [1983]).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E., Jihad in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E., “The Jihād Movement and the Development of ‘Second Slavery’ in West Africa in the Nineteenth Century,” in: Dale, Tomich (ed.), The Second Slavery in Global Perspective (Binghamton NY: SUNY Binghamton Press, forthcoming).Google Scholar
Madeira Santos, Catarina, “Administrative Knowledge in a Colonial Context: Angola in the Eighteenth Century,” British Journal for the History of Science 43–4 (2010), 539556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, Patrick, “African Population: Projections, 1850–1960,” in: Ittmann, Karl, Cordell, Dennis D. and Maddox, Gregory H. (eds.), The Demographics of Empire: The Colonial Order and the Creation of Knowledge (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2010), 245275.Google Scholar
Martí-Henneberg, Jordi, “Geographical Information Systems and the Study of History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42–1 (2011), 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Phyllis, “Power, Cloth and Currency on the Loango Coast,” African Economic History 15–1 (1986), 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Médard, Henri, and Doyle, Shane (eds.), Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Midlo Hall, Gwendolyn, Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links (Chapel Hill NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Midlo Hall, Gwendolyn, “Africa and Africans in the African Diaspora: The Uses of Relational Databases,” American Historical Review 115 (2010), 136150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Joseph C., Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830 (Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Miran, Jonathan, “Red Sea Slave Trade in the 19th Century,” in: Uhlig, Siegbert and Bausi, Alessandro et al. (eds.), Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, volume 4: O-X (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010), 674676.Google Scholar
Nugud, Mohamed Ibrahim, Abdel Halim, Asma M. and Barnes, Sharon, Slavery in the Sudan: History, Documents, and Commentary (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Fahey, Rex S., and Spaulding, Jay, Kingdoms of the Sudan (London: Methuen, 1974).Google Scholar
Pearson, Andrew, Distant Freedom: St Helena and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1840–1872 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro da Silva, Filipa, and Sommerdyk, Stacey, “Reexamining the Geography and Merchants of the West Central African Slave Trade: Looking Behind the Numbers,” African Economic History 38 (2010), 77105.Google Scholar
Rodney, Walter, A History of the Upper Guinea Coast (Oxford: Clarendon, 1970).Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Eugénia, Portugueses e Africanos nos Rios de Sena: Os Prazos da Coroa em Moçambique nos Séculos XVII e XVIII (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 2013).Google Scholar
Saunders, Christopher, “Liberated Africans in Cape Colony in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 18–2 (1985), 223239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheriff, Abdul, Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873 (Oxford: James Currey, 1987).Google Scholar
Sommerdyk, Stacey, “Rivarly on the Loango Coast: A Re-Examination of the Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade,” in: Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel (ed.), Trabalho Forçado Africano. O Caminho de Ida (Porto: CEAUP, 2009), 105118.Google Scholar
Suzuki, Hideaki, “Enslaved Population and Indian Owners Along the East African Coast: Exploring the Rigby Manumission List, 1860–1861,” History in Africa 39 (2012), 209239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teelock, Vijaya, and Vernet, Thomas (eds.), Traites, esclavage et transition vers l’engagisme: Perspectives nouvelles sur les Mascareignes et le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien, 1715–1848 (Réduit: University of Mauritius, Centre for Research on Slavery and Indenture, 2015).Google Scholar
Thornton, John, “The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1350–1550,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 34–1 (2001), 89120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toledano, Ehud, The Ottoman Slave Trade and its Suppression, 1840–1890 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Troutt Powell, Eve M., Tell this in My Memory: Stories of Enslavement from Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Empire (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan, Kingdoms of the Savanna (Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966).Google Scholar
Von Lünen, Alexander, and Travis, Charles (eds.), History and GIS: Epistemologies, Considerations and Reflections (Dordrecht: Springer, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vos, Jelmer, “The Slave Trade from the Windward Coast, The Case of the Dutch, 1740–1805,” African Economic History 38 (2010), 2951.Google Scholar
Walz, Terence, and Cuno, Kenneth M. (eds.), Race and Slavery in the Middle East: Histories of Trans-Saharan Africans in Nineteenth-Century Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Empire (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Weiss, Gillian, Captives and Corsairs: France and Slavery in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Wilks, Ivor, Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Wilks, Ivor, Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Worden, Nigel, and Crais, Clifton C., Breaking the Chains: Slavery and its Legacy in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Zhang, Jingxiong, and Goodchild, Mike, Uncertainty in Geographical Information (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2002).Google Scholar
Zimba, Benigna, Alpers, Edward and Isaacman, Allen (eds.), Slave Routes and Oral Tradition in Southeastern Africa (Maputo: Filsom Entertainment, Lda., 2005).Google Scholar