Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:29:02.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Understanding the Industrial Revolution1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Julian Hoppit
Julian Hoppit
Affiliation:
University CollegeLondon
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , March 1987 , pp. 211 - 224
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Cameron, R., ‘The industrial revolution, a misnomer’, in Schneider, J. (ed.), Wirtschaftkräfte und Wirstschaftswege, v (Stuttgart, 1981), 367Google Scholar. Davis, L. E., ‘Specification, quantification and analysis in economic history’, in Taylor, G. R. and Ellsworth, L. F. (eds.), Approaches to American economic history (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1971), p. 109Google Scholar.

3 ‘The industrial revolution’, reprinted in R. M. Hartwell (ed.), The causes of the industrial revolution in England (London, 1967), p. 31.

4 Coleman, D. C., ‘Industrial growth and industrial revolutions’, Economica, XXIII (1956), 2Google Scholar.

5 Hartwell, R. M., ‘Introduction’, in Hartwell, , Causes of the industrial revolution, p. 7Google Scholar. Also Clark, G. N., The idea of the industrial revolution (Glasgow, 1953), p. 33Google Scholar. Ashton, T. S., The industrial revolution 1760–1830 (Oxford, 1977), pp. 1–2Google Scholar.

6 ‘The present and the past in the English industrial revolution 1880–1980’, Past and Present, CIII (1984), 131–172Google Scholar.

7 Mokyr, , ‘The industrial revolution’, in Mokyr, , pp. 3–4Google Scholar. Crafts, pp. 6–7.

8 Crafts, p. 6.

9 Thompson, A., The dynamics of the industrial revolution (London, 1973), p. 29Google Scholar. Hartwell, R. M., ‘The great discontinuity’, in his The industrial revolution and economic growth (London, 1971), pp. 44–51Google Scholar. Cipolla, C. M., The economic history of world population (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 26–32Google Scholar.

10 ‘Industrial growth and industrial revolutions.’

11 Fogel, R. W., ‘The new economic history’, Economic History Review, XXIX (1966), 651Google Scholar. New economic history has also been called Cliometric or econometric history. ‘A cliometrician is an economist applying economic theory (usually simple) to historical facts (not always quantitative) in the interest of history (not economics)’. McCloskey, D. N., ‘The achievements of the Cliometric school’, Journal of Economic History, XXXVIII (1978), 15Google Scholar.

12 See, for example, McCloskey, D. N. and Sandberg, L. G., ‘From damnation to redemption: judgments on the late Victorian entrepreneur’, Explorations in Economic History, IX (1971), 89–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Crafts, p. 1.

14 Rostow, W. W., The stages of economic growth. A non-communist manifesto (Cambridge, 1960)Google Scholar.

15 Crafts, p. 47.

16 Deane, P. and Cole, W. A., British economic growth 1688–1959 (2nd ednCambridge, 1969)Google Scholar.

17 See Jackson, R. V., ‘Growth and deceleration in English agriculture, 1660–1790’, Economic History Review, XXXVIII (1985), 333–51Google Scholar.

18 Crafts, p. 30.

19 Lindert, P. H. and Williamson, J. G., ‘Revising England's social tables, 1688–1812’, Explorations in Economic History, XIX (1982), 385–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Crafts, p. 87.

21 ‘The present and the past’, p. 139. Clapham, J. H., An economic history of modern Britain, 30 vols. (Cambridge, 1926–1938)Google Scholar.

22 Crafts, pp. 4, 65–9. Wrigley, E. A., ‘Urban growth and agricultural change: England and the continent in the early modern period’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XV (1985), 700Google Scholar. Deane, and Cole, , British economic growth, p. 142Google Scholar. Waller, P. J., Town, city and nation: England 1850–1914 (Oxford, 1983), P. 7Google Scholar.

23 Crafts, p. 69. Mathias, P., The first industrial nation (London, 1969), p. 2Google Scholar.

24 Crafts, p. 76.

25 Crafts, p. 152.

26 Crafts, p. 7.

27 Wrigley, E. A., ‘The process of modernization and the Industrial Revolution in England’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, III (1972), 227Google Scholar.

28 Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S., The population history of England 1541–1871. A reconstruction (London, 1981), p. 440Google Scholar.

29 Mokyr, , ‘The industrial revolution’, in Mokyr, , p. 2Google Scholar.

30 Flinn, p. 25; my emphasis. On the problems of quantifying aspects of agrarian change see Overton, M., ‘Agricultural productivity in eighteenth-century England: some further speculations’, Economic History Review, XXXVII (1984), 244–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Turner, M., ‘Agricultural productivity in eighteenth-century England: further strains of speculation’, Economic History Review, XXXVII (1984), 252–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Crafts, p. 23. Flinn, p. 26. Pollard, S., ‘A new estimate of British coal production, 1750–1850’, Economic History Review, XXXIII (1980), 212–35Google Scholar.

32 Pollard, S., ‘Industrialization and the European economy’, in Mokyr, , p. 166Google Scholar. Also, Wrigley, , ‘Process of modernization’, p. 252n. 57Google Scholar.

33 Crafts, p. 3.

34 Habakkuk, H. J., ‘Economic history and economic theory’, Daedalus, c (1971), 313Google Scholar.

35 Crafts, p. 68.

36 Chartres, J. A., ‘The marketing of agricultural produce’, in Thirsk, J. (ed.), The agrarian history of England and Wales, v, 2 (Cambridge, 1985), 459–65Google Scholar. Granger, C. W. J. and Elliott, C. M., ‘A fresh look at wheat prices and markets in the eighteenth century’, Economic History Review, XX (1967), 257–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Snell, K. D. M., Annals of the labouring poor (Cambridge, 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Hoppit, J., ‘The use and abuse of credit in eighteenth-century England’, in Outhwaite, R. B. and McKendrick, N. (eds.), Business life and public policy (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 64–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Mathias, P., ‘Capital credit and enterprise in the industrial revolution’, in his The transformation of England (London, 1979), pp. 91–2Google Scholar.

39 Granger and Elliott, ‘A fresh look at wheat prices’. Eagly, R. V. and Smith, V. K., ‘Domestic and international integration of the London money market, 1731–1789’, Journal of Economic History, XXXVI (1976), 198–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Parsons, B. T., ‘The behaviour of prices on the London stock market in the early eighteenth century’ (University of Chicago Ph.D. thesis, 1974)Google Scholar. Chartres, , ‘The marketing of agricultural produce’. Pawson, E., Transport and economy: the turnpike roads of eighteenth century Britain (London, 1977)Google Scholar. Turnbull, G. L., ‘Provincial road carrying in England in the eighteenth century’, Journal of Transport History, IV (1977), 17–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

40 Crafts, p. 79.

41 McCloskey, D. N., ‘The industrial revolution 1780–1860: a survey’, in Mokyr, , p. 62Google Scholar.

42 ‘The future of the new economic history’, in Rabb, T. K. and Rotberg, R. I. (eds.), The new history (Princeton, 1982), p. 188Google Scholar.

43 Sutch, R., ‘Douglas North and the new economic history’, in Ransom, R. L., Sutch, R. and Walton, G. M. (eds.), Explorations in the new economic history (New York, 1982), pp. 28–9Google Scholar.

44 North, D. C., ‘Structure and performance: the task of economic history’, Journal of Economic Literature, XVI (1978), 964Google Scholar.

45 North, D. C., Structure and change in economic history (New York, 1981)Google Scholar. North, D. C. and Thomas, R. P., The rise of the western world. A new economic history (Cambridge, 1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

46 ‘Manufacture in town and country before the factory’, in Berg, , Hudson, and Sonenscher, , p. 29Google Scholar.

47 For a recent summary see Clarkson, L. A., Proto-industrtalization: the first phase of industrialization? (London, 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The general theory was presented first by Mendels, F. F., ‘Proto-industrialization: the first phase of the industrialization process’, Journal of Economic History, XXXII (1972), 241–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A more sophisticated and less unilinear picture was drawn by Kriedte, P., Medick, H. & Schlumbohm, J., Industrialization before industrialization (Cambridge, 1981)Google Scholar. The difficulties of applying such a general theory to the English case were made brutally clear in Coleman, D. C., ‘Proto-industrialization: a concept too many’, Economic History Review, XXXVI (1983), 435–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 Berg, , Hudson, and Sonenscher, , ‘Manufacture in town and country’, p. 19Google Scholar.

49 Ibid.

50 Hudson, , ‘From the manor to mill’, in Berg, , Hudson, and Sonenscher, , p. 144Google Scholar.

51 North, and Thomas, , Rise of the west, p. 156Google Scholar.

52 North, , Structure and change, p. 159Google Scholar.

63 Styles, J., ‘Embezzlement, industry and the law in England, 1500–1800’, in Berg, , Hudson, and Sonenscher, , pp. 173–210Google Scholar. Of related interest see Sugarman, D. and Rubin, G. R., ‘Towards a new history of law and material society in England, 1750–1914’, in Sugarman, and Rubin, (eds.), Law, economy and society, 1750–1914 (Abingdon, 1984), pp. 1–123Google Scholar.

54 Berg, M., The machinery question and the making of political economy 1815–1848 (Cambridge, 1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 Berg, p. 16. Landes, D. S., The unbound Prometheus (Cambridge, 1969)Google Scholar.

56 Berg, p. 90.

57 Berg, p. 91.

58 Berg, p. 168.

59 Most obviously, Hobsbawm, E. J., ‘The machine breakers’ in his Labouring men (London, 1968), pp. 5–22Google Scholar. See also Rule, J. G., The experience of labour in eighteenth-century industry (London, 1981), chapters 6 and 7Google Scholar.

60 , J. L. and Hammond, B., The village labourer (London, 1911)Google Scholar. Thompson, E. P., ‘The grid of inheritance: a comment’ in Goody, J., Thirsk, J. and Thompson, E. P. (eds.), Family and inheritance. Rural society in western Europe 1200–1800 (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 328–60Google Scholar. Thompson, , ‘The crime of anonymity’, in Day, H., Linebaugh, P. and Thompson, E. P. (eds.), Albion's fatal tree (Harmonds-worth, 1977), pp. 255–344Google Scholar. Thompson, E. P., Whigs and hunters. The origin of the Black Act (Harmondsworth, 1977)Google Scholar.

61 Berg, p. 109.

62 Berg, p. 20.