Article contents
Two houses both alike in dignity: Reginald Pole and Edmund Harvell*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
Abstract
In the period 1520–50 there was a large English community in the Veneto. This has traditionally been associated with the household of Reginald Pole, who is believed to have dispensed learning and patronage to those who went to the University of Padua in search of a continental education. However, an examination of both primary and secondary sources for the life of Pole suggests that he was only one of a number of reference points for young English scholars and travellers. Of equal, and perhaps greater, importance was the household of Edmund Harvell, a merchant who became English ambassador to the Republic. His household was philo-protestant in tone, and linked to Venetian dissenters and literary circles. These two central figures presented English scholars with the chance to experience the varying strands of Venetian political and religious philosophy at a time of great intellectual vitality. Men such as Richard Morison and Thomas Starkey returned home to write books about English government and society. When their work is set against the Venetian milieu of Harvell and Pole, we can gain a greater understanding of those Venetian influences which underpinned English political thought in the Tudor period and beyond.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996
References
1 Zeeveld, W. G., The foundations of Tudor policy (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1948).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2 Mayer, T. F., Thomas Starkey and the commonweal (Cambridge, 1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Mayer, T. F., ‘Nursery of resistance: Reginald Pole and his friends’, Political thought and the Tudor commonwealth, ed. Fiedler, P. A. and Mayer, T. F. (London, 1992), pp. 50–74Google Scholar. A recent article, which concentrates on Pole's patronage in the 1540s and 1550s, perceptively characterizes him as a patron well-intentioned but ‘neither normal nor successful, and whose effects were more potential than real’: see Mayer, T. F., ‘When Maecenas was broke: Cardinal Pole's “spiritual” patronage’, Sixteenth Century Journal, XXVII/2 (1996), 419–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 Mayer, , Thomas Starkey, p. 49.Google Scholar
5 Brown, R. L., Calendar of state papers relating to England in the libraries of Venice and Northern Italy (London, 1864), III, 184Google Scholar; Schenk, W., Reginald Pole, Cardinal of England (London, 1950), pp. 6ff.Google Scholar
6 Cal. Ven., III, 218.
7 Brewer, J. S. and Gairdner, J., Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII (21 vols., London, 1862–1910), III ii, p. 1544.Google Scholar
8 Schenk, , Cardinal Pole, p. 8.Google Scholar
9 Sturge, C., Cuthbert Tunstall: churchman, scholar, statesman, administrator (London, 1938), pp. 9–14Google Scholar; for the earlier generation, see Mitchell, R. J., ‘English students at Padua 1460–75’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, XIX (1936), 101–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Hook, W. F., Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury (London, 1869), VIII.Google Scholar
11 ‘Et presa casa honorevole con honesta famiglia’, a slightly ambiguous phrase. Beccadelli, L., Monumenti di Varia Letteratura, ed. Morandi, G. (Bologna, 1799), I ii, 282.Google Scholar
12 ‘…et pio quanto altri, che fusse in Inghilterra’. Ibid. I ii, 282.
13 Philips, T., The history of the life of Reginald Pole (2 vols., Oxford, 1765).Google Scholar
14 Haile, M., Life of Reginald Pole (London, 1910)Google Scholar; Lee, F. G., Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury (London, 1888).Google Scholar
15 Hook, Lives, VIII, 21.
16 Starkey, T., A dialogue between Pole and Lupset, ed. Mayer, T. F., Camden 4th Series vol. XXXVII (London, 1989).Google Scholar
17 LP IX, 512. ‘Il Campense’ is the Dutch scholar Jan van Kampen; ‘Il Signore’ refers to Pole himself.
18 LP IX, 512.
19 LP IX, 659.
20 Zeeveld, , Foundations, pp. 43–4, 100–1.Google Scholar
21 LP VI, 314, 1582; LP VII, 280, 1310; L P IX, 101–3, 198.
22 Lily to Starkey, LP IX, 673. Many letters in LP from the Pole circle are sent from Venice not Padua.
23 LP IX, 512.
24 Harvell was in Sicily tying up his business affairs so he could move to England, and had evidently rented a small house in which to store his belongings.
25 LP IX, 659.
26 LP IX, 819. This was possibly Donato Rullo; see de Frede, C., ‘Un pugliese familiare del Cardinale Pole: Donato Rullo’, Rivista di Letteratura e di Storia Ecclesiastica, XII, 7 (1980), 3–28.Google Scholar
27 Zeeveld, , Foundations, chs. 3 and 4.Google Scholar
28 Maddison, C., Marcantonio Flaminio (London, 1965), pp. 119ff.Google Scholar
29 Gasquet, F., Cardinal Pole and his early friends (London, 1927)Google Scholar; Giannotti, D., Libra della repubblica de Viniziani (Venice, 1540).Google Scholar
30 Quoted in Hardy, T. D., Report upon the documents in the archives and public libraries of Venice (London, 1866), p. 69.Google Scholar
31 LP XIV i, 104.
32 Notably in Morison, R.An Exhortation to All Englyshemen to the Defense of their Countreye (London, 1539)Google Scholar and An Invective Against the Great and Detestable Vice Treason (London, 1539).Google Scholar
33 London, British Library (BL) Additional MS 8714, fo. 896.
34 Girolamo Zuccatto (1535–44) and Giacomo Zambon (1544–7) were first secretaries and not ambassadors.
35 Sanudo, M., Diarii (58 vols., Venice, 1879–1902), 25 Feb. 1524Google Scholar; see also Cal. Ven. III, 1343.
36 Letter to Cardinal Cibo 17 July 1526, quoted in Cian, V., Un decennio della vita di M. Pietro Bembo 1521–1531 (Turin, 1885), p. 114.Google Scholar
37 Venice, Biblioteca Marciana (Bibl. Marc), Italian MSS VII, 1233 (9600), fos. 138r–147v.
38 She is the last monarch mentioned, and the only one whose date of death and place of burial are not recorded.
39 Bibl. Marc, Italian MSS VII, 1233 (9600), fos. 148–48v.
40 Morison, , An Invective, pp. Biiiv–Biiii.Google Scholar
41 LP IX, 102.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 LP XII, 430.
45 LP XIII, 1296–7. Morison's continued regard for his Venetian friends is shown in his pursuance of Harvell's suit; discussed in Elton, G. R., Reform and renewal (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 59–61.Google Scholar
46 LP VI, 314.
47 The Paduan view is included in The Determination of the Universities of Italy and France (London, 1531)Google Scholar. The other university in favour was the University of Bologna, whose opinion is not included in this work.
48 Zeeveld, , Foundations, pp. 100–1.Google Scholar
49 Letter published in Gasquet, , Cardinal Pole, p. 28ff.Google Scholar
50 LP IX, 512, 659.
51 This is clear from his letters, both sent and received, in which news is exchanged about the Italian community. See, for example LP VIII, 117, 875 (Bernardino Sandro to Starkey); LP IX, 101–3 (Morison to Starkey).
52 Zeeveld, , Foundations, p. 105.Google Scholar
53 LP IX, 512.
54 Cal. Ven. V, 282.
55 LP XVIII, 576, 725.
56 LP XVIII, i, 714.
57 LP XIV, i, 109.
58 Cal. Ven. V, 616.
59 Among the strange stories that surround him are that he was a member of Pole's household (McNair, P., Peter Martyr in Italy: an anatomy of apostasy (Oxford, 1967), p. 100Google Scholar), and that he undertook an expedition to Constantinople in 1539 (Stephen, L. and Lee, S. eds., Dictionary of National Biography [DNB] (21 vols., London, 1908–1909)Google Scholar), sub Shelley, Richard; repeated by Zeeveld, , Foundations, p. 99)Google Scholar. Neither of these is true.
60 Cal. Ven. V, 354.
61 Gasquet, , Cardinal Pole, pp. 110–15Google Scholar; LP VIII, 301.
62 Ibid. p. 64.
63 Ibid. pp. 63, 103. Gasquet identifies the ‘Harnel’ mentioned in these letters as Harvell.
64 LP IV, iii, 6620.
65 LP IV, iii, 6491, 6540, 6595, 6607.
66 LP IV, i, 2244.
67 LP IV, iii, 6192.
68 LP IV, iii, 6235, 6595, 6607.
69 LP IV, iii, 6786.
70 LP IV, iii, 6620.
71 LP IV, iii, 6694–6.
72 LP IV, iii, 6670.
73 LP VIII, 511, 874; LP IX, 1029.
74 LP VIII, 373.
75 LP VIII, 511.
76 LP X, 223.
77 LP VIII, 535.
78 LP VIII, 579.
79 LP IX, 1029.
80 LP X, 803.
81 LP X, 970.
82 Venice, Archivio di Stato (ASV), Proprio Vadimoni R.33, fo. 51V; published in Brown, H. F., ‘The marriage contract, inventory, and funeral expenses of Edmund Harvel’, English Historical Review, XX, 1 (1905), 70–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83 LP XIII, i, 507.
84 Grendler, P. F., ‘The circulation of protestant books in Italy’Google Scholar, in McLelland, J. C., Peter Martyr Vermigli and Italian reform (Waterloo, Canada, 1980), pp. 5–16Google Scholar; Sanudo, Diarii, 25 Aug. 1520; Van Kessel, P. J., ‘The denominational pluriformity of the German nation at Padua and the problem of intolerance in the sixteenth century’, Archive for Reformation History, LXXV (1984), 256–76.Google Scholar
85 Stella, A., Chiesa e Stato nelle Relazioni dei Nunzi Pontifici a Venezia (Citta del Vaticano, 1964), p. 278.Google Scholar
86 Ibid. p. 280.
87 ASV, Santo Ufficio Processi, Busta 39, fo. 34r.
88 Cal. Ven. V, 282.
89 Ghisalberti, A. M. ed., Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI) (Rome, 1960–)Google Scholar, sub Altieri, Baldessare; Comba, E., I nostri Protestanti durante la riforma nel Veneto e nell' Istria (Florence, 1897), pp. 183–219.Google Scholar
90 Church, F., The Italian reformers (New York, 1932), p. 150.Google Scholar
91 Cantimori, D., Eretici Italiani del Cinquecento (Florence, 1939), p. 36Google Scholar; Cantu, C., Gli Eretici Italiani (3 vols., Turin, 1865), III, 131.Google Scholar
92 Church, , Italian reformers, pp. 150, 188.Google Scholar
93 It occasioned a long debate in t he Senate on 7–8 June 1546. The minutes are in Bibl. Marc., Ital. VII, 808 (7296).
94 Cantimori, , Eretici Italiani, p. 233Google Scholar; Church, , Italian reformers, pp. 148–9.Google Scholar
95 Brown, G. K., Italy and the Reformation to 1550 (2nd edn, New York, 1971), p. 139.Google Scholar
96 Spini, G., Tra Rinascimento e Riforma: Antonio Brucioli (Florence, 1940), pp. 85, 91.Google Scholar
97 LP XIV, ii, 280.
98 LP XVII, 841.
99 Yates, F., ‘Italian teachers in England: John Florio's father’, ch. 12 in Renaissance and reform: the Italian contribution – collected essays volume II (London, 1983).Google Scholar
100 Church, , Italian reformers, p. 150.Google Scholar
101 For Donzelino's life, see Caponetto, S., La Riforma protestante nell'Italia del Cinquecento (Turin, 1992), pp. 234–7Google Scholar; Grendler, P. F., The Roman Inquisition and the Venetian Press (Princeton, 1977), pp. 54, 57, 102–15Google Scholar; Perini, L., ‘Note e documenti su Pietro Perna Libraio-tipografo a Basilea’, Nuova Rivista Storica, L (1966), 148–50.Google Scholar
102 ASV, Santo Ufficio Processi, Busta 39, fo. 46V.
103 Ibid. fo. 47r.
104 Ibid. fo. 13r, statement of Hippolito Denarino.
105 Ibid. fo. 47r.
106 Ibid. fo. 47r.
107 LP XVIII, 576.
108 LP VIII, 874.
109 Martin, J., ‘Popular culture and the shaping of popular heresy in Renaissance Venice’Google Scholar, in Haliczer, S., Inquisition and society in early modern Europe (London, 1987), pp. 115–28Google Scholar; see also Martin, J., Venice's hidden enemies: Italian heretics in a Renaissance city (London, 1993).Google Scholar
110 Caponetto, Riforma protestante.
111 A phrase stolen from Dr Michael Knapton.
112 Mayer, , Thomas Starkey, p. 156.Google Scholar
113 Gasquet, , Cardinal Pole, p. 64.Google Scholar
114 Church, , Italian reformers, p. 150Google Scholar; DBI sub Curione, Coelius Secundus. This was the second edition of Curione's work, and was published in Basel with a collection of other recent Italian works, including one by the famous fugitive from the Inquisition, Bernardino Ochino. The first edition of Curione's text had been dedicated to the French ambassador to Venice.
115 Lando, O., Lettere di Molte Valorose Donne (Venice, 1548), p. Aii.Google Scholar
116 LP XVIII, 841.
117 Aretino, P., Lettere, ed. Procaccioli, R. (2 vols., Milan, 1991), II, 749, 765.Google Scholar
118 She had assumed this title through her second marriage in July 1552 to Count Lodovico Rangone. On his death, she married a Colonel Clusone.
119 Aretino, Lettere, II, 1040.
120 These were Anthony Denny, William Paget and Philip Hoby. Aretino, Lettere, II, 749.
121 Cal. Ven. V, 282.
122 Cal. Ven. V, 615.
123 ASV, Proprio Mobili, R.16, fo. 152; published in Brown, Marriage Contract.
124 I am indebted to Patricia Allerston of the Department of History, Istituto Universitario Europeo, Florence, for sharing her wisdom in relation to inventories and the value of cloth in Venice, and sundry other matters.
125 This is conjectured by Brown, , Marriage contract, p. 70.Google Scholar
126 Contemporary paintings show that the most luxurious beds had up to three mattresses. Servants, on the other hand, sometimes had none at all.
127 LP XIV, ii, 768.
128 LP XV, appendix 2.
129 LP XVI, 380, f. 116, 131, 134, 155; LP XVI, 1489, f. 170, 183.
130 LP XIV, i, 144.
131 LP XV, 349.
132 Harvell specifically thanks Morison and Starkey for their help in promoting him. See LP VIII, 874; LP XI, 328.
133 LP VIII, 373, 511.
134 LP VIII, 511.
136 LP X, 264.
136 LP XII, i, 406; LP XIII, i, 115, 507.
137 LP XIU, i, 908.
138 LP XIII, ii, 507.
139 LP XIII, ii, 846; LP XIV, i, 1.
140 LP XIV, i, 529.
141 LP XIV, i, 884; LP XVII, 272; LP XVIII, 576, 725.
142 LP XV, 349.
143 Among the most frequent carriers were Cokerel, Bucler and Michael Throgmorton.
144 LP IV, iii, 6491. Molins is described by Croke as ‘factor to Mappheus Bernardus’.
145 Cal. Ven. II, 606; introduction to Cal. Ven. I, cxxiv.
146 An order of the Venetian Senate in August 1523 on ‘The recall of the Venetian Secretary in London’, which would leave Venice temporarily without a permanent representative in England, ‘Put to the ballot, that our consul in London be charged to transact such business as necessary, according to the custom of Venetian consuls at other periods’. Cal. Ven. II, 740.
147 LP IV, iii, 6540, 7686; LP X, 264.
148 Cal. Ven. V, 282.
149 Garratt, C., The Marian exiles (Cambridge, 1966), p. 180.Google Scholar
150 Hoby, T., ‘A Booke of the Travaile and Life of Me Thomas Hoby’, Camden Miscellany, X, 3rd series iv, 8Google Scholar. I am grateful to Dr Edward Chaney for bringing this reference to my attention.
151 Ibid. p. 61.
152 Cal. Ven. V, 282.
153 LP XIII, ii, 724; LP XIV, i, I, 910; LP XIV, ii, 273.
154 LP XVIII, 714, 725.
155 LP XVIII, 576.
156 LP XVIII, 725.
157 LP IV, i, 2244.
158 LP X, 1142.
169 LP XVII, 226, 550.
160 Zeeveld, , Foundations, chs. 4, 5, passimGoogle Scholar; Mayer, , Thomas Starkey, ch. 8, passim.Google Scholar
161 Cantimori, D., Prospettive di Storia Ereticale Italiana del Cinquecento (Bari, 1960), p. 28.Google Scholar
162 Bergenroth, G. and Gayangos, P. eds., Calendar of state papers, letters and despatches relating to the negotiations between England and Spain (London, 1862–1904), V, ii, 207.Google Scholar
163 Gasquet, , Cardinal Pole, p. 63.Google Scholar
164 LP IX, 1034.
165 LP IX, 103; Mayer, , Thomas Starkey, p. 195.Google Scholar
166 Fragnito, G., ‘Cultura umanistica e riforma religiosa’, Studi Veneziani, XI (1969), 114.Google Scholar
167 Brucioli, A., Dialogi, ed. Landi, A. (Naples, 1982), p. 278.Google Scholar
168 For the Venetian influences and links in Morison and Starkey between anti-Papal feeling and national liberty see Barrington, R. M. L., ‘Philosophy and the court in the literature of the early English Renaissance’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Istituto Universitario Europeo, Florence, 1993), chs. 4, 8.Google Scholar
169 Bouwsma, W. J., Venice and the defence of republican liberty (Berkeley, 1968)Google Scholar; Martin, ‘Popular culture’.
- 1
- Cited by