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SWEDISH COUNTERINTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS AGAINST BRITISH ECONOMIC WARFARE IN SCANDINAVIA, 1939–1940

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2020

MIKA SUONPÄÄ Open the ORCID record for MIKA SUONPÄÄ [Opens in a new window]
MIKA SUONPÄÄ*
Affiliation:
University of Turku
*
Department of Philosophy, Contemporary History and Political Science, 20014 University of Turku, Finland[email protected]
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Abstract

This article examines the Swedish security establishment's counterintelligence measures directed against British preparations for economic warfare in Scandinavia in 1939–40. Although Stockholm was an intense spying location, there exists a gap in the historiography concerning the topic. At the beginning of the war, the British government regarded economic warfare as an efficient tool for shaking the foundations of the German war economy. Economic warfare included blockades, sabotage, psychological warfare, and diplomatic threats. The present study explores Swedish operations against George Binney, who worked for the British government in war-trade-related issues. The article shows that the Swedish security service had difficulties in obtaining intelligence on Binney because of the reliance on casual informants, whose information was imprecise and sometimes misleading. The British succeeded in uncovering some of the Swedish counterintelligence tactics and this led to problems in capturing significant information, for example, via communication monitoring. The Swedish archival sources have added considerable new empirical details regarding British preparations for blockade running in July 1940. The study also shows that British officials operated on very dangerous ground, as some of the individuals they worked with were enemy agents or in a position to forward information in several different directions.

Type
Article
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 64 , Issue 2 , March 2021 , pp. 410 - 431
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

I would like to thank the anonymous referees, Tapio Enberg for discussions on HUMINT, and Bernard Porter for reading and commenting on an earlier version of the article.

References

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3 Barker, ‘Author's note’ and ‘Sources’ in Blockade busters. The Allmänna Säkerhetstjänsten was established in 1938.

4 See Flyghed, J., Rättsstat i kris: spioneri och sabotage i Sverige under andra världskriget (Rule of law in crisis: espionage and sabotage in Sweden during the Second World War) (Stockholm, 1992), pp. 407–23Google Scholar; Lundberg, V., ‘“Karlsson”, the amiable spy: Swedish experiences of Allied espionage and sabotage during World War II’, Diacronie, 28, no. 4 (2016), pp. 1–16, at pp. 4–6Google Scholar; Agrell, W., ‘Sweden and the dilemmas of neutral intelligence liaison’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 29 (2006), pp. 633–51, at pp. 637–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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10 George Binney to Lord Glenconner, Oslo, 27 Mar. 1940; Binney to Monrad Aas, Oslo, 3 Apr. 1940, both in Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, George Binney papers (CAC, BINN), 1/1.

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14 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 7.

15 Flyghed, Rättsstat i kris, pp. 407–27, 516.

16 See https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/counterintelligence. The Oxford English Dictionary records use of ‘counter-espionage’ as early as 1899.

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21 Gilmour, Sweden, p. 134.

22 ‘SOE history of the Stockholm mission’, Dec. 1945, London, The National Archives (TNA), HS 7/190.

23 Flyghed, Rättstat i kris, pp. 284–5, esp. fig. 4.1, facing p. 280.

24 See Ehrman, ‘Counterintelligence’, p. 8.

25 Agrell, ‘Sweden’, p. 637. See also Agrell, W., Stockholm som spioncentral (Stockholm as a spying centre) (Lund, 2006)Google Scholar.

26 See, for example, Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia; Cruickshank, C., SOE in the Far East (New York, NY, 1983)Google Scholar; Foote, M. R. D., ‘Was SOE any good?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 16 (1981), pp. 167–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Foot, M. R. D., SOE in France: an account of the work of the British Special Operations Executive in France 1940–1944 (London: HMSO, 1966)Google Scholar; Wylie, N., ed., The politics and strategy of clandestine war: Special Operations Executive, 1940–1946 (London and New York, NY, 2007)Google Scholar; Dyson, T., ‘British policies towards Axis reprisals in occupied Greece: Whitehall vs. the SOE’, Contemporary British History, 16 (2002), pp. 11–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kelly, S., ‘A succession of crises: SOE in the Middle East, 1940–45’, Intelligence and National Security, 20 (2005), pp. 121–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Seydi, S., ‘The activities of Special Operations Executive in Turkey’, Middle Eastern Studies, 40 (2004), pp. 153–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Messenger, D. A., ‘Against the grain: Special Operations Executive in Spain, 1941–45’, Intelligence and National Security, 20 (2005), pp. 173–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Steinacher, G., ‘The Special Operations Executive in Austria, 1940–1945’, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 15 (2002), pp. 211–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 ‘SOE history of the Stockholm mission’.

28 Palmer, M. and Tunstall, J., Media moguls (London and New York, NY, 1991), p. 47Google Scholar.

29 ‘SOE history of the Stockholm mission’.

30 Jeffery, MI6, pp. 562–4.

31 For figures and details, see Flyghed, Rättsstat i kris, pp. 302–22; Gilmour, Sweden, pp. 134–6; Lundberg, ‘Karlsson’, p. 5.

32 See, for example, Riksarkivet, Stockholm, Säkerhetspolisen (Security Service)'s archive (RA, SÄPO), P 543, P 1223/1, P 1223/2, XXVIII Finska fartyg (Finnish vessels). The other state departments included the Socialstyrelsens Utlänningsbyrå, Statens Sjöfartsnämnd, and Bränslekommission (the National Board of Health and Welfare's Aliens Bureau, the Swedish Maritime Administration, and the Fuel Commission respectively).

33 See Herman, M., Intelligence power in peace and war (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 61–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 Sano, J., ‘The changing shape of HUMINT’, Intelligencer, 21 (2015), pp. 77–80, at p. 78Google Scholar.

35 Herman, Intelligence power, p. 63.

36 Warner, M., ‘Wanted: a definition of “intelligence”: understanding our craft’, Studies in Intelligence, 46, no. 3 (2002), pp. 15–23, at p. 17Google Scholar.

37 ‘SOE history of the Stockholm mission’.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 Captain T. F. O'Reilly, cited in Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 67.

41 ‘SOE history of the Stockholm mission’.

42 Barker, Blockade busters, pp. 12–13.

43 ‘P. M. från Socialstyrelsens utlänningsbyrå ang. engelske medborgaren direktören Frederick George Binney, född den 23.9.00 i London’ (‘Memorandum from the National Board of Health and Welfare's immigration office regarding English citizen director Frederick George Binney, born 23.9.00 in London’, 6 May 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.

44 Barker, Blockade Busters, p. 13.

45 ‘Memorandum summarising the conversations between Mr. Mitcheson, Mr. Binney and Mr. Hambro with regard to Norwegian ships and shipments of steel’, 18 Oct. 1940, CAC, BINN, 1/3.

46 ‘P. M. ang. skuggning av britt. medb. mrs Margaretha Hook’ (‘Memorandum regarding British citizen Margareta Hook’), Stockholm, 10 Jan. 1940; ‘P. M. ang. skuggning av mrs Margaretha Hook’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of Mrs Margareta Hook’), Stockholm, 11 Jan. 1940; ‘P.M. angående Margareta Hook’ (‘Memorandum regarding Margareta Hook’), Stockholm, 13 Jan. 1940, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.

47 ‘P. M. ang. skuggning av britt. medb. mrs Margaretha Hook, Stockholm, 10 Jan. 1940’, RA, SÄPO, P 543.

48 See, for example, Binney to S.K.F., Stockholm, 2 Jan. 1940; Binney to Brukskoncernen AB, Stockholm, 2 Jan. 1940; Binney to Avesta Jernverks AB, Stockholm, 3 Jan. 1940; Binney to Ronneberg Hansen & Co., Stockholm, 22 Jan. 1940; Binney to Christiania Spigerverk, 22 Jan. 1940; Binney to P. Schreirer Sen & Co., Stockholm, 22 Jan. 1940, all in CAC, BINN, 1/1.

49 Victor Mallet to G. G. M. Vereker, Stockholm, 7 May 1940; John Mitcheson to Eric Lingeman, Stockholm, 7 May 1940, both in CAC, BINN, 1/1.

50 Barker, Blockade busters, pp. 19–20; Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 69.

51 Extract from Ä.D. II–180/39; P. M., Stockholm, 20 Apr. 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, P 543.

52 ‘P. M. till ärende Hd. 3599/40’ (‘Memorandum to case Hd. 3599/40’), Stockholm, 8 Nov. 1940; ‘P. M. till ärende Hd. 3599/40’, Stockholm, 13 Nov. 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, P 543.

53 ‘P. M. ang. skuggning av britt. medb. mrs Margaretha Hook’, Stockholm, 10 Jan. 1940; ‘P. M. ang. skuggning av mrs Margaretha Hook’, Stockholm, 11 Jan. 1940; ‘P. M. angående Margareta Hook’, Stockholm, 13 Jan. 1940, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.

54 ‘P. M. ang Binney’ (‘Memorandum regarding Binney’), Stockholm, 27 Apr. 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.

55 ‘P. M. ang. George Binney’ (‘Memorandum regarding Binney’), Stockholm, 23 Jan. 1940; ‘P.M. angående övervakningen av Binney’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of Binney’), Stockholm, 3 June 1940; ‘P. M. ang. övervakningen av eng. medb. Binney, Strand hotell’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of English citizen Binney, Strand Hotel’), Stockholm, 5 June 1940; ‘P. M. angående övervakningen av Binney onsadagen den 5 juni 1940’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of Binney on Wednesday 5 June 1940’), Stockholm, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.

56 ‘P. M. ang. övervakningen av eng. medb. Binney, Strand hotell’, Stockholm, 5 June 1940; ‘P. M. angående övervakningen av Binney onsadagen den 5 juni 1940’, Stockholm, both in RA, SÄPO, P 543. The security service file refers to ‘Rolf Nordling’. This is a mistake: Rolf Nordling was Raoul Nordling's brother who worked as a banker in Paris, but did not (as far as I am aware) act as the Swedish consul general in Paris. See Marshall, J., ‘Jean Laurent and the Bank of Indochina circle: business networks, intelligence operations and political intrigues in wartime France’, Journal of Intelligence History, 8 (2008), pp. 43–74, at pp. 68–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 Marshall, ‘Jean Laurent’, p. 43.

58 Binney to Raoul Nordling, Stockholm, 17 Jan. 1940, CAC, BINN, 1/1.

59 Binney to Mallet, Stockholm, 2 May 1940, CAC, BINN, 1/1.

60 See ‘Note for Mr. Charles Hambro’, Stockholm, 14 Oct. 1940, CAC, BINN, 1/3; Lindahl & Collin AB to Ministry of Supply, London, through George Binney, Gothenburg, 28 Dec. 1940, CAC, BINN, 1/4.

61 For details of the network, see Marshall, ‘Jean Laurent’, pp. 59–65.

62 Marshall, ‘Jean Laurent’, pp. 59–61 and n. 75.

63 ‘P. M. ang. George Binney’, Stockholm, 23 Jan. 1940; ‘P. M. angående övervakningen av Binney’, Stockholm, 3 June 1940, ‘P.M. ang. övervakningen av eng. medb. Binney, Strand hotell’, Stockholm, 5 June 1940; ‘P.M. angående övervakningen av Binney onsadagen den 5 juni 1940’, Stockholm, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.

64 ‘SOE history of the Stockholm mission’. See also Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 42.

65 ‘SOE history of the Stockholm mission’.

66 ‘P. M. ang. Axel Folke Westerberg, Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB’ (‘Memorandum regarding Axel Folke Westerberg’), 7 May 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.

67 Barker, Blockade busters, p. 14; Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, pp. 28, 34, 36, 37; Denham, Inside the Nazi ring, pp. 120, 122, 124, 126.

68 Binney to H. Sten, Stockholm, 24 Jan. 1940; Binney to O. Nylander, Stockholm, 4 Apr. 1940, both in CAC, BINN, 1/1.

69 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 28.

70 Herman, Intelligence power, p. 62.

71 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, pp. 28–38, citations on pp. 27, 34, and 35.

72 ‘P. M. ang. Axel Folke Westerberg, Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB’, 7 May 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543. According to Jonasson and Olsson, Rickmanligan, p. 16, the visit took place in May 1938.

73 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 38.

74 ‘P. M. ang. Axel Folke Westerberg, Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB’, 7 May 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.

75 Jonasson and Olsson, Rickmanligan, p. 16.

76 ‘P. M. ang. Axel Folke Westerberg, Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB’, 7 May 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.

77 Ibid.

78 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 69.

79 Gilmour, Sweden, pp. 140–1.

80 ‘Obituary: Sir George Binney’, pp. 199–201; Gilmour, Sweden, pp. 138–9; Golson, ‘Swedish ball bearings’, pp. 174–5; Tennant, Vid sidan av kriget, pp. 224–56.

81 See, for example, Barker, Blockade busters, pp. 11, 19, 35, 75, 80, 145–6, 150–1; and Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, pp. 33, 72, 79–81, 86, 89.

82 ‘P. M. ang. övervakningen av eng. medb. Binney, Strand hotell’, Stockholm, 5 June 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.

83 Milward, War, p. 308. See also Stevens, D. G., ‘World War II economic warfare: the United States, Britain, and Portuguese wolfram’, Historian, 61 (1999), pp. 539–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Milward, War, p. 323.

85 Barker, Blockade busters, p. 12.

86 Tennant, Vid sidan av kriget, p. 64; Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, pp. 72–90; ‘Obituary: Sir George Binney’, pp. 199–201.

87 Barker, Blockade busters, pp. 30–1.

88 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 72.

89 I have not been able to find a reference to ‘Captain Fuchs’ or to the Lahti in ‘Notebooks. Barker's notes on the Blockade Busters’, CAC, BINN, 5/8.

90 ‘P. M. angående finska ångfartyget Lahti från Helsingfors’ (‘Memorandum regarding Finnish steamship Lahti from Helsinki’), 17 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg. This memorandum does not give any indication that Johan Aholainen was operating under a pseudonym, such as ‘Captain Fuchs’.

91 ‘P. M. angående finska ångfartyget Lahti från Helsingfors’, 17 July 1940; ‘P. M. angående omständigheterna före och vid tyska uppbringandet av ångaren Lahti, rederi Laiva Oy, Lahti, Helsingfors’ (‘Memorandum regarding the circumstances before and during the German capture of the steamer Lahti, shipping company Laiva Oy, Lahti, Helskini’), 11 Oct. 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

92 ‘Avlyssning av Ulla Bergström’ (‘Eavesdropping by Ulla Bergström’), 4 July 1940; ‘P. M. av krim. ök. Persson’ (‘Memorandum by Criminal Chief Constable Persson’), Göteborg, 4 July 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

93 ‘P. M. av krim. ök. Persson’, Göteborg, 4 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg; ‘P.M. ang. avlyssnat telefonsamtal mellan en okänd man och Tyska leg. rörande en finsk båt i Göteborg’ (‘Memorandum regarding intercepted telephone conversation between an unknown man and a German legation concerning a Finnish boat in Gothenburg’), 5 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg, emphasis in original; ‘P.M. angående finska ångfartyget Lahti från Helsingfors’, Gothenburg, 17 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

94 Promemoria (Memorandum), 17 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.

95 ‘P. M. ang. övervakning av kapten Torsten Fock den 3 Juli 1940’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of Captain Torsten Fock on 3 July 1940’), RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.

96 ‘Protokoll, hållet vid förhör å kriminalavdelnings station den 5 juli 1940 med finske medborgaren, sjökaptenen Torsten Fock’ (‘Minutes, kept at an interrogation at the Criminal Department's station on 5 July 1940 with the Finnish citizen, sea captain Torsten Fock’); ‘Fortsättning å förhöret (med Fock) den 9 juli 1940’ (‘Continuation of the interrogation (with Fock) on 9 July 1940’), both RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.

97 Aarne Korpimaa to Valtiollinen poliisi (Valpo) (state police) Central HQ, 21 Jan. 1942, RA, SÄPO, P 1223/2; Sandell's handwritten note dated 30 Oct. 1944, RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1; ‘P. M. ang. den tyska underrättelseverksamheten i Finland’ (‘Memorandum regarding the German Intelligence Service in Finland’), 30 Oct. 1944, RA, SÄPO, P 2479; CSDIC (WEA), ‘Final report on Ahlrichs’, Bad Nenndorf, 12 Jan. 1946, TNA, KV2/1173; ‘Büro Cellarius, Saksan vakoilu Suomessa syksyn 1944 jälkeen’ (‘Büro Cellarius, German espionage in Finland after the autumn of 1944’), Helsinki, Kansallisarkisto (National Archives), Valpo II arkisto, amp. XXIII J. These types of ‘offices’ were established in various countries and they were officially called Kriegsorganisation (KO) Finnland, KO Schweden, etc. See, for example, Adams, J., Historical dictionary of German intelligence (Lanham, MD, 2009), p. 249Google Scholar.

98 ‘P. M., undersökning betr. finske medborgaren sjökaptenen Torsten Fock’ (‘Memorandom, investigation concerning Finnish sea captain Torsten Fock’), Gothenburg, 24 Sept. 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

99 Nils Trägårdh to B. G. V. Sandell, Gothenburg, 7 Oct. 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

100 ‘Final report on Ahlrichs’.

101 Trägårdh to Sandell, Gothenburg, 7 Oct. 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.

102 See Churchill to Hastings Ismay, London, 14 May 1940, Churchill Archive, 20/17/16, http://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/page?id=CHAR%2020%2F17%2F16#image=0.

103 ‘Final report on Ahlrichs’.

104 Olsson, ‘Beyond diplomacy’, pp. 339–40, 343–4. See also Flyghed, Rättsstat i kris, pp. 322–39.

105 ‘P. M. ang. Torsten Fock betr. telfonsamtal till tyska leg. d. 4/7 kl. 11.18’ (‘Memorandum regarding Torsten Fock concerning a telephone call made to the German legation on 4 July at 11.18’), RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

106 ‘P. M. angående omständigheterna före och vid tyska uppbringandet av ångaren Lahti, rederi Laiva Oy, Lahti, Helsingfors’, Gothenburg, 11 Oct. 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

107 ‘P. M. angående finska ångfartyget Lahti från Helsingfors’, Gothenburg, 17 July 1940; ‘P. M. angående omständigheterna före och vid tyska uppbringandet av ångaren Lahti, rederi Laiva Oy, Lahti, Helsingfors’, Gothenburg, 11 Oct. 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.

108 ‘P. M. till Ö.k. Fahlander’ (‘Memorandum to Chief Constable Fahlander’), Stockholm, 16 Dec. 1940; E. Scheel to C. Isaksson, Malmö, 5 Feb. 1941; ‘P. M. till ö.k. Fahlander ang. Binney’ (‘Memorandum to Chief Constable Fahlander regarding Binney’), Stockholm, 1 Feb. 1941, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.

109 Agrell, ‘Sweden’, p. 637.

110 N. A. M. Rodger, ‘Skilled in the tactics of 1870’, London Review of Books, 42 (Feb. 2020).

111 Rentola, K., ‘Great Britain and the Soviet threat in Finland, 1944–1951’, Scandinavian Journal of History, 37 (2012), pp. 171–84, at p. 178CrossRefGoogle Scholar.