No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Survival Against the Odds? The French Bishops Elected to the Estates-General, 1789*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
Abstract
The general view still prevails that the French bishops performed badly in the elections held to the estates-general in the spring of 1789. The final figure of only 49 bishops going to Versailles amid a horde of curés tends to be treated by historians as a clear demonstration of the new power of the lower clergy, confirming the view of the episcopal corps as aristocratic, out of touch, and unprepared for an electoral contest on a level of equality with the parish clergy. Prestigious casualties like Rohan-Guémenée at Cambrai, Mont-morency-Laval at Metz, Marbeuf at Lyon, and Dillon at Narbonne have attracted much notice, but they are really the exceptions. Closer examination indicates that the majority of prelates in fact put up a spirited performance, faced with Necker's electoral règlement of 24 January 1789 – arrangements weighted deliberately in favour of the curés.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989
References
1 For a conventional account of conflicts among clergy in the electoral assemblies of 1789 see Vovelle, M., translated Burke, Susan, The fall of the French monarchy 1787–1792 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 97, 98Google Scholar. Cf . Goodwin, A., The French revolution (4th edn, London, 1966), p. 48Google Scholar; Doyle, W., The origins of the French revolution (Oxford, 1980), p. 151Google Scholar.
2 They prove to be readily explicable. Rohan-Guémenée seldom left Paris for his diocese, Cardinal Montmorency-Laval was notoriously stand-offish towards the curés of Metz, Marbeuf disdained a journey to Lyon, taking his election for granted, and Dillon was a victim of personal bankruptcy and the popular campaign against the Languedoc estates. See Aston, N. R., ‘The politics of the French episcopate, 1786–1791’ (unpublished D.Phil, dissertation, University of Oxford, 1985), pp. 23, 190, 178–9, 229–30, 238–40Google Scholar.
3 Brette, A., Recueil des documents relatifs à la convocation des Etats Généraux de 1789 (4 vols., Paris, 1894–1915), IGoogle Scholar, x ff; terms of the réglement are in ibid. 1, 66–87, and Archives Parlementaires de 1789 à 1860, ist sér. (1789–99), ed. Madival, J. & Laurent, E. (82 vols., Paris, 1867–1913), IIGoogle Scholar, 544,611. Its implications are discussed in Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, pp. 190–4Google Scholar, and Furet, F., trans. Forster, Elborg, Interpreting the French revolution (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 182–3Google Scholar.
4 See letter of the defeated bishop of Metz to Necker, 20 April 1789, claiming a prescriptive right to a place according to grants made by Henri III to the Cardinal, of Lorraine, , Brette, , Recueil, I, lvGoogle Scholar.
5 Marbeuf had been criticized earlier for not forcefully representing the interests of senior bishops to the king and ministers. Journal de tabbé Vert (unpublished) 1785, quoted byGoogle ScholarHardman, J., ‘Ministerial politics from the accession of Louis XVI to the assembly of Notables, 1774–1787’ (unpublished D.Phil, dissertation, University of Oxford, 1972), pp. 85–6Google Scholar.
6 Cadart, J., Le régime électorate des Etals Généraux de 1789 et ses origines (1302–1614) (Paris, 1952), pp. 121–2Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, 1, 73–4Google Scholar. For Louis XVI's personal sympathies for ‘les bons et utiles pasteurs’, see preamble to the reglement discussed in Cadart, , Le régime électorate, p. 125Google Scholar.
7 As at Rouen. See Loth, J. & Verger, Charles (eds.), Memoires de Vabbé Boston, chanoine de Rouen (3 vols., Paris, 1897), I, 308Google Scholar.
8 Delannoy, Louis, La Convocation des Elats-Généraux de 1789, (thèse, Paris, 1904), pp. 98–107, 117Google Scholar.
9 Distinction between the two categories is discussed in Brette, , Recueil, I, xxxiii–xxxixGoogle Scholar; Brette, A., Les Limites et les divisions territoriales de la France en 1789 (Paris, 1907), pp. 115–20Google Scholar. There were 130 bishoprics as compared to 176 bailliages; fifty-seven diocesan seats of the 130 were not designated as the principal town of their bailliage. Peronnet, M., Les Evêques de l'ancienne France (2 vols., Paris, 1977), II, 1150Google Scholar, estimates that ‘Le systéme électorate éliminait, mécaniquement peut-on dire, une quinzaine d'évêques de la députation’.
10 Peronnet, , Les Evêques, II, 1150Google Scholar.
11 Thus at Troyes, the curés later insisted that their bishop would have been elected had not their bailliage included priests from the adjacent dioceses of Sens, Langres and Auxerre. [Anon, .], Réponse lies curés du bailliage de Troyes (31 pp., 1789)Google Scholar, London, British Library (B.L.), F.R. 123(13), pp. 15–18, 26.
12 Delannoy, , La Convocation, p. 98Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, 1, 217–19Google Scholar.
13 Delannoy, , La Convocation, p. 111Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, I, 259–62Google Scholar.
14 Ibid. p. 107. The Dauphiné réglement was extended to Provence on 2 March. Lavaquery, E., Le Cardinal de Boisgelin, 1732–1804 (2 vols., Paris, 1920), 1, 375Google Scholar.
15 Ibid. I, 297–9. Bishop Noé of Lescar was elected in May 1789 by the estates of Béam, but he arrived only after the formation of the national assembly, which he refused to recognize. Ibid. 1, 486; IV, 216; Desplat, Christian, ‘Les Etats de Béam et la définition de la souveraineté béarnaise à l'époque moderne’, Parliaments, estates and representation, III (1983), 89–99, at 98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
16 Ibid. I, 212–14; Delannoy, , La Convocation, pp. 103–5Google Scholar. In Navarre, still nursing its traditions of independency, there was a general reluctance to elect to such a ‘French’ institution as the estates-general. Elections took place very late, and Bishop de Villevieille of Bayonne was chosen one of four deputies by direct election from the local Estates. Hanistoy, Abbé, Les Paroisses du pays basque pndant la période révolutionnaire (2 vols., Pau, 1895–1898), I, 42–3Google Scholar; Dubarat, V. and Daranatz, J. B., Recherches historiques sur la ville de Bayonne (3 vols., Bayonne, 1910–1930), I, 299–302, III, 1356–7Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, I, 486Google Scholar.
17 Mandement de Mgr l'Archevêque de Paris, qui ordonne des Priéres Publiques dans tout son Diocése pour les Etats-Généraux du Royaume (20 pp., Paris, 1789), p. 5Google Scholar, B.L., F.62*(i9).
18 Boisgelin could complain to the comtesse de Grammont of ministerial favour towards the Tiers, ‘…Il semble que le roi ait retiré sa protection des deux premiers ordres pour les livrer à la mercy du peuple’ (letter of 29 Jan. 1789, cited Lavaquery, , Boisgelin, I, 364Google Scholar; see also letter of 19 Feb., in ed. Cans, A., ‘Lettres de M. de Boisgelin, Archevêque d'Aix à la comtesse de Grammont (1776–1789)’), Revue Historique, LXXIX (1902), 316–23, at p. 306)Google Scholar, but he could still assure Necker of his best efforts to serve the government. Paris, Archives Nationales (A.N.), Hi, 1240, 6 Feb.
19 Mathiez, A., Rome et le clergé français sous la Constituante (Paris, 1911), pp. 103, 106Google Scholar. Cf. Bishop of Riez, 26 Feb., A.N. AA, 62, ‘…l'esprit de vertige et d'erreur, d'anarchie et républicain qui semble se manifester partout ouvertement’.
20 Cf. Tackett, Timothy, Religion, revolution and regional culture: the ecclesiastical oath of 1789 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 144–6Google Scholar.
21 Two sees – La Rochelle and Grenoble – were vacant in March 1789.
22 Avranches, Cambrai, Châlon-sur-Saône, Maçon, Mende, Metz, Noyon, Pamiers, Troyes.
23 Alet, Apt, Bayeux, Carcassonne, Evreux, Fréjus, Lavaur, Lisieux, Lodève, Meaux, Mirepoix, Lyon, Noyon, Sarlat, Sées, Sisteron, Soissons, Riez, Saint-Claude, Saint-Dié, Vence. Cf. Peronnet, , Les Évêques, II, 1152–53Google Scholar.
24 Only three prelates over seventy were elected: Rouen, Vienne, and Bazas.
25 Deramecourt, A., Le clergé des diocéses d'Arras, Boulogne et Saint-Omer pendant la Révolution (1789–1802) (4 vols., Arras, 1884), I, 377, 386Google Scholar.
26 Cf. list in Peronnet, , Les Évêques, II, 1153Google Scholar.
27 Only a t St Pol-de-Léon were the Breton recteurs dissuaded from participating themselves in the elections. Aston, The politics of the French episcopate', pp. 265–6; Kerbiriou, L., J-F de la Marche, évêque-comté de Léon (Quimper/Paris, 1924), p. 274Google Scholar; Pommeret, H., l'Esprit public dans le département des Côtes-du-Nord pendant la révolution, 1789–1799 (Saint-Brieuc, 1921), pp. 55Google Scholar: de Saint-Sauveur, E. Durtelle, Hisloire de Bretagne (2 vols., Paris/Rennes, 1957), II, 319Google Scholar.
28 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, p. 167Google Scholar.
29 Berengier, T., Vie de Mgr J.-M.-M. Scipion de Ruffo-Bonneval, évêque de Senez {1747–1837) (Marseille, 1885), pp. 5, 6, 9Google Scholar.
30 Letter of 1796 quoted in Gazier, A., Études sur l'histoire religieuse de la Révolution française (Paris, 1887), p. 42nGoogle Scholar.
31 Dantin, L., François de Gain-Montaignac, évêque de Tarbes (1782–1801) (Paris/Tarbes, 1908), p. 38Google Scholar; Ricaud, L., La Bigorre et les Hautes-Pyrénées pendant la Révolution; La Révolution en Bigorr (1789–1790) (Paris/Tarbes, 1894), pp. 163, 170–1Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, IV, 134Google Scholar.
32 D'llliers, Louis, Deux Prélats de l'ancien régime: Les Jarente (Monaco, 1948), pp. 87–8Google Scholar.
33 Bordeaux; Bourges; Paris; Toulouse; Angouleme; Autun; Bayonne; Châlons-s/Marne; Chartres; Couserans; Dijon; Lombez; Nancy; Nîmes; Rodez; Saintes; Saint-Flour; Saint-Papoul; Uzès; Viviers.
34 Necker later vaguely conceded that ministers ‘cherchent à diriger les suffrages des Ecdésiastiques vers les hommes les plus distingués de leur ordre’. De la R´volution française (2 vols., Paris, 1797), I, 129Google Scholar.
35 Tackett, Timothy, Priest and people in eighteenth century France: A social and political study of the curés in a diocese of Dauphiné (Princeton, 1977)Google Scholar, chs. 9 an d 10; Religion, revolution and regional culture, pp. 128, 136.
36 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, p. 35Google Scholar.
37 Ibid. pp. 24–25.
38 Here understood in the sense defined by Professor Pocock: ‘the voluntary acceptance of a leadership elite by persons not belonging to that elite’, Pocock, J. G. A., ‘The classic theory of deference’, American Historical Review, LXXXI (1970), 516–23, at 517Google Scholar. See also O'Gorman, F., ‘Electoral deference in “unreformed” England: 1760–1832’, Journal of Modern History, LVI (1984), 391–429, esp. pp. 395–9Google Scholar.
39 The government gave no initial guidance on the precise number of deputies to be selected, until the figure of twenty-four was announced on 7 Jan. Egret, J., Les derniers Etats de Dauphiné (Grenoble/Paris, 1942), pp. 152–3Google Scholar.
40 Egret, ibid. pp. 8–9, 15–16, 28–9; Tackett, , Priest and people, p. 253Google Scholar.
41 Ibid. p. 254; Brette, , Recueil, II, 100, 120, 211, 300, 370–1, 537Google Scholar; Chevalier, U., Les Etats du Dauphiné (Grenoble, 1869), p. 31Google Scholar.
42 Bouvier, F., Une carriére apologiste au 18e siécle: J-G Le Franc de Pompignan, évéque du Puy, archevêque de Vienne, 1715–1790 (Lyon, 1903), pp. 86–7Google Scholar; Egret, , Les derniers Etats, pp. 49–50Google Scholar; Bligny, Bernard, Hisloire du Dauphiné (Toulouse, 1973), p. 312Google Scholar. He was reported to have presided with ‘une esprit de sagesse et de conciliation’, [Anon, ]. Fausse tentative de la Discorde en Dauphiné (38 pp., 1789), p. 21Google Scholar.
43 Bernard, M., ‘Revindications et aspirations du bas clergé dauphinois a la veille de la Révolution’, Cahiers d'Histoire, I (1956), 327–47, at 338Google Scholar.
44 Chevalier, J., Essai historique sur l'église de Die (3 vols., Die, 1888–1909), III, 694Google Scholar.
45 Egret, , Les darners Etats, pp. 157–62Google Scholar; the dissidents' letter to the king, Mar. 1789, is in A.N., B.73(3.4)
46 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, p. 197Google Scholar.
47 Soublin, L., Le Premier vote des Normands (1783) (Fécamp, 1981), pp. 182–3Google Scholar.
48 Ibid. p. 167.
49 Langlois, P., Le Chapitre de Rouen (1789–1802) (Rouen, 1856), p. 17Google Scholar; Loth, J., Histoire du cardinal de La Rochefoucauld et du diocése de Rouen pendant la Révolution (Evreux, 1893), p. 155Google Scholar.
50 Ibid. p. 75–61
51 Delac, O., L'église de Paris pendant la Revolution française (3 vols., Paris, 1895–1895), I, 76–80Google Scholar; Pisani, P., L'Église de Paris et la Revolution (4 vols., Paris, 1908–1911), I, 45–6Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, III, 271Google Scholar. This colleague, bishop de Beauvais, late of Senez, was chosen third deputy on 1 May.
52 Pisani, , Eglise de Paris, I, 42Google Scholar.
53 Trichaud, J.-M., Histoire de la Sainte Eglise d' Aries (4 vols., Paris, 1859–1864), IV, 296, 298, 300Google Scholar. There was an awkward moment when Necker authorized representation for the city of Aries independently of the sénéchaussée, but Dulau successfully insisted on the validity of his own nomination. Viguier, C., Les débuts de la Révolution en Provence (Paris, 1894), pp. 20, 21, 24Google Scholar.
54 In 1780 the archbishop was chairman of the commission for the accounts of the clergy's loans, an d in 1785 was chairman of the important commission on tithes. Greenbaum, L. S., Talleyrand, statesman priest (Washington, 1970), p. 226Google Scholar.
55 Boussinesq, G. and Laurent, G., Histoire de Reims (2 vols., Reims, 1933), II, 274Google Scholar; Laurent, G., Reims et la région Rémoise (Reims, 1930), p. cccxxxviiGoogle Scholar. The procés-verbal does not give exact voting figures.
56 Julia, D., ‘Le Clergé paroissial du diocese de Reims à la fin du i8e siécle’, Etudes Ardennaises, XLIX (1967), 19–35Google Scholar; LV (1968). 4I–65.
57 For the proceedings see Lavaquery, , Boisgelin, I, 377–96Google Scholar; A.N., M.788(2), letters of 14, 15, 27 Mar., 6 Apr. 1789; Busquet, R., Histoire de Provence (Monaco, 1954), p. 330Google Scholar. See also his letter of 7 April to the comtesse de Grammont complaining that Necker had all along wished to discredit him and exclude him from the estates-general. Lavaquery, , Boisgelin, I, 399–400, 372Google Scholar.
58 Lavaquery, , Boisgelin, I, 382–3Google Scholar.
59 Ibid. I, 377–8.
60 Granget, Abbé, Histoire du diocése d'Avignon (2 vols., Avignon, 1860), II, 425Google Scholar.
61 Pontbriant, Comte A., Histoire de la Principauté d'Orange (Avignon, 1891), pp. 317–20Google Scholar
62 O'Reilly, P.-J., Histoire compléte de Bordeaux (4 vols., Paris/Bordeaux, 1863), IV, 34–5Google Scholar; Lhéritier, , La Fin de Carmen régime et la préparation des etats-géenéraux à Bordeaux (Vol. I, 1787–1789) (Paris, 1942), pp. 237–8Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, IV, 236–7Google Scholar.
63 Levy-Schneider, , Champion de Cicé, pp.27, 28–9Google Scholar.
64 Ed. Pariset, G., Bordeaux au XVIIIe siécle (Bordeaux, 1968), pp. 377–8Google Scholar.
65 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, p. 259Google Scholar. In 1784 he had unsuccessfully proposed to annex 12 of the 90 canonries of Chartres for relief of the curés, especially aged ones. Vovelle, M., Ville et campagne au 18e siècle (Chartres et la Beauce) (Paris, 1980), p. 196Google Scholar.
66 He was elected by 302–22 votes on 19 March. Brette, , Recueil, III, 436Google Scholar.
67 Precise voting figures do not survive. Barrau, Eugène de, 1789 en Rouergue (Rodez, 1873), p. 375Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, IV, 41Google Scholar.
68 He had most notably proposed toleration for non-catholics in the first assembly of notables. Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, pp. 124–5Google Scholar.
69 Cahier, discussed in ibid., pp. 250–1.
70 Brette, , Recueil, III, 246–50Google Scholar.
71 Broc, Vicomte de, Un Evêque de l'ancien régime sous la Révolution: M. de Maille-La Tour-Landry (Paris, 1894), pp. 4–5Google Scholar.
72 Fisquet, H. J. P., La France Pontificate [Galtia Christiana] (22 vols., Paris, 1864–1871)Google Scholar: Métropole d'Aix, p. 150.
73 Broc, , de Maille-La Tour-Landty, p. 58Google Scholar.
74 Expilly, Jean Joseph, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et politique des Gaulles et de la France (6 vols., Paris, 1762–1770), IV, 65Google Scholar.
75 Broc, , de Maille-La Tour-Landty, p. 67Google Scholar.
76 Brette, , Recueil, IV, 297, 301Google Scholar.
77 Serres, J.-B., Histoire de la Révolution en Auvergne (10 vols., Paris, 1895–1898), 1, 55–6, 68Google Scholar.
78 Ibid. 1, 175; Bac, Louis, Saint-Flour dans le Passé (Brioude, 1977), pp. 117–19Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, III, 665Google Scholar.
79 Brimont, Vte. de, M. de Puységur et l'Eglise de Bourges pendant la Revolution, 1789–1802, p. 41nGoogle Scholar.
80 Brette, , Recueil, III, 474Google Scholar; Bruneau, M., Les débuts de la Révolution dans les Départments du Cher et de l'lndre (1789–1791) (thése, Paris, 1902), pp. 13, 30Google Scholar.
81 Ibid. pp. 28-31; Procés-Verbal, A.N., Ba24; cf. the fate of bishop d'Agoult of Pamiers, Aston, ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, p. 227.
82 Bishop of Nancy 1783; archbishop of Bourges 1787; archbishop of Toulouse 1788.
83 Cayre, Abbé, Histoire des évêques et des archevêques de Toulouse (Toulouse, 1873), p. 455Google Scholar; Salvan, Abbé, Histoire genérate de l'église de Toulouse (4 vols., Toulouse, 1856–1861), IV, 478–9Google Scholar, cf. the insensitive behaviour of the minister for the feuille, Marbeuf, newly promoted archbishop of Lyon, , Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, pp. 239–40Google Scholar.
84 Montarlot, , Les deputes de Saone-et-Loire (Paris, 1905), p. 16Google Scholar; Lacombe, B. de, Talleyrand, Evêque d'Autun (Paris, 1903), p. 90Google Scholar; Muguet, P., Recherches historiques sur la persécution religieuse dans le dêpartement de Saône-et-Loire pendant la Révolution, vol. 2: l'Arrondissement d'Autun (Chalon sur Saone, 1897), p. IIGoogle Scholar.
85 Montarlot, , Les députés, p. 20Google Scholar; Montarlot, P., ‘L'Épiscopat d e Talleyrand’, Méms. de la Soc. Eduenne, XXI (1983), 83–156, at pp. 88–9Google Scholar.
88 Montarlot, , Les députés, p. 17Google Scholar.
87 Lacombe, , Talleyrand, pp. 90, 99, 102–5, 117Google Scholar; Montarlot, , Les deputes, pp. 17–20Google Scholar.
88 Torreilles, Ph., Histoire du clergé dans les Pyrénées-Orientales (Perpignan, 1890), pp. xviii–xixGoogle Scholar.
89 Vidal, Pierre, Histoire de la Révolution française dans les Pyrénées-Orientales (3 vols., Perpignan, 1885–1889), I, 16nGoogle Scholar.
90 Torreilles, , Histoire du Clergé dans Us Pyrénées-Orientales, pp. 8–15Google Scholar; Torreilles, Ph., Perpignan pendant la Révolution (3 vols., Perpignan, 1896–1897), I, 121–2Google Scholar.
91 Beuaben, A., ‘Lettres inédites du dernier évêque de Lombez’, Revue de Gascogne, V, 223–34, at 223Google Scholar.
92 Entraygues, Abbé, Mgr de Royére, évêque de Tréguier, dernier évêque de Castres 1727–1802 (Paris, 1912), pp. 234–6Google Scholar.
93 Lacger, L. de, ‘L'église dans le Tarn; le jansénisme’, Revue du Tarn, 3rd ser. (1957), pp. 217–40, at p. 237Google Scholar.
94 Dubarat, Abbé V., Notice historiquessur les évêques de l'ancien diocése d'Oloron (Pau, 1888), pp. 51, 60, 62Google Scholar.
95 Archives privées, III, 29.
96 Arnaud, G., La Révolution dans le départment de l'Ariège (Toulouse, 1904), p. 44Google Scholar.
97 A.N., C.18, C.32, C.86; Ba.43.
98 Brette, , Recueil, I, 485Google Scholar; n, 200.
99 Charavay, E., ‘Les éléctions aus états-généraux par le bailliage d'Amiens’, La Rév.fr., XX (1891), 246–52, at 250Google Scholar; Sueur, Abbé Le, Le Clergé Picard et la Révolution (2 vols., Amiens, 1904) I, 164Google Scholar; Soyez, E., Les Évêques d'Amiens (Amiens, 1876), p. 320Google Scholar.
100 Brette, , Recueil, III, 72–3Google Scholar; Le Sueur, , Le Clergé Picard, I, 156–7, 162Google Scholar.
101 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, p. 247Google Scholar.
108 Brette, , Recueil, I, 166Google Scholar.
103 Ibid, I, 151.
104 Cholvy, G., Histoire du diocése de Montpellier (Toulouse, 1976), p. 173Google Scholar; Duval-Jouve, J., Montpellier pendant la Révolution (2 vols., Montpellier, 1879–1881), I, 53nGoogle Scholar.
106 Rouviere, F., Histoire de la Révolution française dans le départment du Gard (Nimes, 1897), pp. 21 ffGoogle Scholar.
106 Dardier, Charles, 'Lescin q dernieres lettres de Paul Rabout (1788–1792), Bull. de la Soc. pour l'Histoire du Protestantisme françois, XL (1891), 487–96, at p. 491Google Scholar.
107 Viguier, J., ‘La lutte électorate d e 1789 e n Languedoc’, La Révolution française, XX (1891), 5–25, at 16Google Scholar; Beraud, F., Uzés; son diocése, son histoire (Nîmes, 1887), p. 298Google Scholar; Lautaud, C., Convocation de la Sénéchaussée de Nîmes aux Etats-Généraux de 1789 (thêse pour le Doctoral politique et économique, Paris, 1923), p. 62Google Scholar.
108 Barthelemy, E. de, Histoire de la ville de Châlons-sur-Mame (2nd edn, Chalons, 1883), p. 365Google Scholar.
109 See the bishop's address t o the three orders a t Châlons, 13 Mar. 1789, Kivanten, A., ‘A-A-J d e Clermont-Tonnerre, évêque de Châlons (1782–1801)’, Méms. de la Soc. d'Agriculture, Commerce, Sciences et Arts de la Mame, LXXXIX (1974), 267–89, at p. 281Google Scholar.
110 Rainguet, P.-D., Biographie Saintongeaise (Saintes, 1851), pp. 508–10Google Scholar.
111 Audiat, L., Les Etats provinciaux de Saintonge. Etudes el documents inédits (Paris/Niort, 1870), pp. 94, 117, 118Google Scholar.
112 9 p. 118. The precise content of the letter is unknown, see Proust, A., Archives de l'Ouest, (Nos. 1-5), Paris, 1867–1869), I 8–113Google Scholar
113 Audiat, Les Etats provinciaux de Saintonge, p. 120; Massiou, M. D., Histoire politique, civile el religieuse de la Saintonge et de l'Aunts (6 vols., Saintes, 1846), VI, 16Google Scholar.
114 [Dulaure, ], Vie Privée des Ecclésiastiques (3 parts, Paris, 1791), III, 53Google Scholar; Chancel, C., L'Angoumois en l'année 1789 (Angouleme, 1847), p. 538Google Scholar.
115 Blanchet, J.-P.-G., Le Clergé Charentais pendant la Révolution (Angouleme, 1898), pp. 22Google Scholar.
116 Chancel, , L'Angoumois, pp. 539–43, 577Google Scholar.
117 Mondenard, A. de, Nos Cahiers de 1789; cahiers de l'Agennois (Villeneuve-sur-Lot, 1889), p. 251Google Scholar.
118 Lafitte praised the cool nerve of the bishop faced with ‘une insurrection terrible’. Mondenard, , Nos Cahiers, p. 241Google Scholar.
119 Ed. Poree, C., Cahiers des cure's et des communautés ecclésiastiques du bailliage d'Auxerre (Auxerre, 1927). P. 34Google Scholar.
120 Lebeuf, Abbé, Mémoires concernant l'histoire d'Auxerrois (3 vols., Paris, 1854–1855), I, 369Google Scholar.
121 [Caraccioli, ], Anecdotes piquanUs sur les Etats-Généraux (Paris, 1789), pp. 8–9Google Scholar.
122 Lebeuf, , Mémoires d'Auxerre, I, 532Google Scholar; 11, 369.
123 Eye-witness account reported in Bindet, J., L'Evêque constitutionnel de la Manche, François Becherel (1732–1802) (Mortain, 1934), p. 26Google Scholar.
124 A.N., C. 18(62); Toussaint, J., Feuilles détachées de l'histoire de Coutances (Vol. 4, Coutances pendant la Révolution, Coutances, 1973), pp. 30–3Google Scholar.
125 Lecanu, M., Histoire des évêques de Coutances (Coutances, 1839), pp. 371–2Google Scholar.
125 [Dulaure, ], Vieprivée, II, 80, 83, 87Google Scholar; Piolin, R. P. P., Histoire de Féglise du Mans (6 vols., Paris, 1861–1866), VI, 527Google Scholar.
126 ‘Bailliage d u Vermandois, élections aux états-généraux d e 1789, Soc. Acad. de Laon (Laon, 1872), pp. 29, 47Google Scholar
127 Brette, , Recveil, I lvGoogle Scholar.
128 Browning, O. (ed.), Despatches from Paris, 1784–1790 (2 vols., London, 1910), II, 150, 29Google ScholarJan. 1789.
129 Brette, , Recueil, I, lvGoogle Scholar.
130 Chatrian, , Plan ou croquis d'une histoire du clergé du Diocese de Nancy pendant la Révolution (Nancy, 1797). P. 12Google Scholar.
131 Constantin, C., L'Evêche du dêpartement de la Meurthe de 1791 à 1802 (vol. I, Nancy, 1935), p. 10Google Scholar.
132 Bouvier, F., Les Vosges pendant la Révolution 1789–1795–1800 (Paris, 1885), p. 19Google Scholar; Matthieu, F. D., L'Ancien Régime en Lorraine et Barrois (3rd edn, Paris, 1907), p. 442Google Scholar.
133 Constantin, C., ‘La Campagne électorate du clergé dans le bailliage d e Nancy’, Annales historiques de la Revolution francaise, IV (1927), 254–66, at 262–6Google Scholar.
134 Voillery, Abbé, ‘La fin de l'ancien régime en Bourgogne’, Menu, de la Soc. d'arch, de Beauru, II (1905–1906), 27Google Scholar
135 Ibid. pp. 256–7.
136 Voillery, , ‘La fin etc.’, pp. 256–60Google Scholar; Guérin, Abbé, ‘Procés-Verbal d e l'assemblée du clergéacute;du bailliage principal de Dijon’, Bull. d'hist. et d'arch. religieuse du Diocése de Dijon, IV (1886), 181–223Google Scholar; v ('887), 43-68; Niolin, E., ‘Correspondance d e l'avocat Dijonnais, C.-B. Navier (1789–1791)’, La Révolution en Côte-d'Or, n.s., 6 (1930), pp. 5–57, esp. pp. 25, 29, 35–6Google Scholar.
137 Brugal, S., Le Schisme constitutionnel dans l'Ardécke: Lafont-Savine, Evéque-Jureur de Viviers (2nd edn, Toulouse, 1977), p. 12Google Scholar.
138 Messie, J., ‘Autour de Charles d e L a Font d e Savine, évêque d e Viviers (1778–1793)’, Revue de Vivarais, LXIII (1959), 77–102, 117–40, at pp. 81–2Google Scholar.
138 Vaschalde, H., Le Vivarais aux Etats-Généraux de 1789 (Paris, 1889), p. 35Google Scholar.
140 Brette, , Recueil, III, 565Google Scholar.
141 Nouaillat, J., Histoire du Limousin et de la March (Paris, 1931), p. 243Google Scholar.
142 Pérouas, L., ‘L'activité pastorale des évêques de Limoges’, Bull, de la Soc. Arch, et Hist, du Limousin, XCVIII (1971), 207–22, at p. 221Google Scholar. For accounts of the opposition to the bishop see Limouzin-Lamothe, R., Le diocêse de Limoges du 16e siêcle â nosjours (Paris, 1953), p. 156Google Scholar; jouhaud, Léon, La Révolution française en Limousin: pages d'histoire vécue 1789–1792 (Limoges, 1947), p. 12Google Scholar.
143 Artaud, A., ‘Guy-Vernon, évêque Constitutionnel et député de la Haute-Vienne (1748–1822)’, La Révolution française, XXVII (1894), 314–34, 447–67, 502–31, at pp. 315, 316Google Scholar.
144 Faye, H., Le Clergé et le culte en Touraine pendant la Révolution (1789–1801) (Angers, 1908), pp. 8–9Google Scholar.
145 Cf. the perceptive comments of the abbé Baston: ‘On semble, en plusieurs endroits, ne les élire que par pitié ou que pour se donner l'orgueilleux plaisir de les mettre â la suite de trois ou quatre prêtres de campagne nommés avant eux’. Mémoires, p. 310.
146 Tressay, Abbé du, Histoire des Moines et des évêques de Luçon (Paris, 1869), pp. 306–7Google Scholar;de Vaudore, A. D. de la Fontenelle, Histoire du monastêre et des évêques de Luçon (Fontenay-le-Comte/Paris, 1847), pp. 835–6, 90Google Scholar.
147 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, pp. 247–8Google Scholar.
148 Letter of 8 April, A.N., Ba 64(4); Archivées privies, v, 299. Other priests too were quick to complain to Necker and the Cahier was eventually withdraw n for remodelling, Proust, A., Archives de d'Ouesl, I, 64–6Google Scholar; Roux, Marqui s de, La Révolution a Poitiers et dans la Vienne (Paris, 1912), p. 161Google Scholar.
149 Ibid. pp. 157–60.
150 Brethé, J.-J. (ed.), Journal inédit de Jallet (Fontenay-le-Comte, 1871), p. 8Google Scholar; see also , H. and Beauchet-Filleau, P., Clergé du Poitou en 1789 (Fontenay-le-Comte, 1890)Google Scholar.
151 Chassin, C. L., Les Cahiers des curés (Paris, 1882), pp. 248–50Google Scholar. Mercy received vital votes from the regulars. Roux, , La Révolution à Poitiers, pp. 162–3Google Scholar.
152 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, pp. 221–2Google Scholar.
153 Piolin, , L'Eglise du Mans, VI, 576–7Google Scholar.
154 Sol, E., La Révolution en Quercy (2 vols., Paris, 1926), I, 148Google Scholar.
155 Haute-Garonne, A. D., E.26, cited in Gaston-Martin, ‘Les Eléctions aux Etats-Généraux dans le Sud-Ouest’, La Révolution françcaise, LXXXI, 232–5, at p. 234Google Scholar.
156 Ligou, D., Montauban à la fin dr l'ancien régime et aux débuts de la Révolution, 1787–1794 (Paris, 1958), p. 54Google Scholar; Daux, C., Histoire de l'église de Montauban (2 vols., Paris, 1881–1882), II, 234Google Scholar.
157 Sol, , La Révolution en Quercy, I, 18, 28Google Scholar.
158 Ibid. I, 151–2.
159 Brette, Recueil, IV, 426Google Scholar; Sol, , La Révolution en Quercy, I, 193Google Scholar; Ligou, , Montauban, p. 200Google Scholar.
160 , A.N., G8, 628; Archives privées, III, 33–6Google Scholar; Chassin, , Cahier des curés, p. 220Google Scholar; Mazaret, L., Chroniques de l'église de Condom (Condom, 1927), p. 401 ffGoogle Scholar. Admittedly he had not personally attended the elections, Brette, , Recueil, IV, 305Google Scholar.
161 Ibid. IV, 276–7; Archives privées, III, 503–6.
162 Delettre, Abbé, Histoire du diocése de Beauvais (3 vols., Beauvais, 1842–1843), III, 547, 548Google Scholar.
163 Lhuillier, Victor, ‘Beauvais en 1789’, Méms. de la Soc. Acad. de l'Oise, XIV (1889), 337–427, at pp. 419-24Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, III, 160Google Scholar.
164 See Cregut, R., Le diocése de Clermont pendant la Révolution (Clermont, 1914), pp. 11–12Google Scholar. The strength of local reformist feelings wa s evident in such a document as the Catéckisme des curés auvergnats amis de leur roi el de leursfreres (131 pp., Clermont, 1788)Google Scholar, which speaks of ‘l'institution divine des cures’.
165 Poitrineau, A. (ed.), Le diocése de Clermont (Paris, 1979), p. 188Google Scholar.
166 Paillard, Y.-G., 'Fanatiques et patriotes dans le Puy-de-Dome, Annales historique de la Révolution françhise, XLII (1970), 294–328, at p. 297Google Scholar; Cregut, , Le diocése de Clermont, p. 25Google Scholar.
167 Paillard, , ‘Fanatiques et patriotes’, 295Google Scholar;Poitrineau, , Le diocése de Clermont, p. 188Google Scholar.
168 Labot, A., Convocation des états-généraux et législation électorate de 1789 (Nevers/Paris, 1866), pp. 319–20Google Scholar; Charrier, Jules, Histoire religieuse du départment de la Nièvre (2 vols., Paris, 1926), I, 37–189Google Scholar.
169 For the death of Seguiran see Crosnier, Abbé, Bull, de la Société Niemaise des Sciences et Arts, I (1854), 56–8Google Scholar.
170 Labot, , Convocation des Etats-Généraux, p. 317Google Scholar; Charrier, , Histoire religieuse de la Niévre, I, 40Google Scholar.
171 Ibid. I, 39.
172 Paris, J.-A., La Jeunesse de Robespierre et la convocation des états-généraux en Artois (Arras, 1870), p. 363Google Scholar; Deramecourt, A., Le Clergé du diocése d'Arras, etc. I, 391–5Google Scholar.
173 Ibid. I, 398; see 1, 388–9 for the brochures written against d e Conzié.
174 Brette, , Recueil, II, 380Google Scholar.
175 Gonnet, E., l'Histoire du diocèse du Puy-en-Velay (1789-1802) (Paris, 1907), p. 57Google Scholar.
176 Viguier, , ‘La lutte electorate de 1789’, pp. 16–17Google Scholar.
177 Gonnet, , Diocése du Puy, pp. 45, 63Google Scholar; Mathieu, André, La Convocation des états-généraux de 1789 en Languedoc (Montpellier, 1917), p. 133Google Scholar.
178 Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, p. 268 and note 2Google Scholar.
179 Cf. Tackett, , Religion, revolution, and regional culture, p. 145Google Scholar. Ther e is a full discussion of the results in Aston, , ‘The politics of the French episcopate’, pp. 266–8Google Scholar.
180 Aix; Aries; Bordeaux; Bourges; Paris; Reims; Rouen; Toulouse; Tours; Vienne.
181 As Tackett, , Religion, revolution, and regional culture, p. 144Google Scholar .