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SCOTTISH PERSPECTIVES ON WAR AND PATRIOTISM IN THE 1790s*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2014

ANNA PLASSART
ANNA PLASSART*
Affiliation:
Christ Church, University of Oxford
*
Christ Church, St Aldates, Oxford OX1 1OP[email protected]
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Abstract

The article examines Scottish discussions surrounding the French revolutionary wars in the early and mid-1790s. It argues that these discussions were not built along the lines of the dispute that set Burke against the English radicals, because arguments about French ‘cosmopolitan’ love for mankind were largely irrelevant in the context of Smithian moral philosophy. The Scottish writers who observed French developments in the period (including the Edinburgh Moderates, James Mackintosh, John Millar, and Lord Lauderdale) were, however, particularly interested in what they interpreted as France's changing notion of patriotism, and built upon the heritage of Smithian moral philosophy in order to offer original and powerful commentaries of French national feeling and warfare. They identified the ‘enthusiastic’ nature of French national sentiment, and the replacement of traditional patriotism with a new form of relationship between the individual and the nation, as the most significant and dangerous element to come out of the French Revolution.

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 57 , Issue 1 , March 2014 , pp. 107 - 129
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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Footnotes

*

I am grateful to Julian Hoppit, Phil Withington and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the SSFH Annual Conference in 2012 and the Voltaire Foundation in 2013. I am also grateful to Gareth Stedman Jones for his encouragement and comments.

References

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2 Paul Schroeder has thus argued that ‘in this era more real change occurred in the arena of international politics than can be demonstrated in other areas of politics and society from other more celebrated revolutions – the French, the so-called Atlantic, the Industrial, the Napoleonic, or those of 1830 and 1848’. Schroeder, Paul, The transformation of European politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1996), p. viGoogle Scholar.

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39 This process had been facilitated by the American war. Dinwiddy, John, ‘England’, in Dann, Otto and Dinwiddy, John, eds., Nationalism in the age of the French Revolution (London, 1988), pp. 55–7Google Scholar. See also Cunningham, Hugh, ‘The language of patriotism, 1750–1914’, History Workshop Journal, 12 (1981), pp. 8–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at pp. 9–10; Colley, Linda, Britons: forging the nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, CT, 1992), pp. 336–7Google Scholar.

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43 Millar, John, An historical view of the English government from the settlement of the Saxons in Britain to the Revolution in 1688 (4 vols., London, 1803), iv, p. 217Google Scholar. ‘Both examples [crusades and reformation] prove the existence of that sympathy, by the means of which a great passion, taking its rise in any considerable State of Europe, must circulate through the whole Christian Commonwealth’. Mackintosh, James, ‘Vindiciae gallicae [1791]’, in Winch, Donald, ed., ‘Vindiciae gallicae’ and other writings on the French Revolution (Indianapolis, IN, 2006), p. 158Google Scholar.

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49 Radcliffe, ‘Burke, radical cosmopolitanism, and the debates on patriotism in the 1790s’, p. 320.

50 Ibid., pp. 320, 326.

51 Ibid., p. 321. Mee, Jon, ‘Anxieties of enthusiasm: Coleridge, prophecy, and popular politics in the 1790s’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 60 (1997), pp. 179–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 184.

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56 ‘Patriotism, as a moral principle attaching itself to political society, depends, like every other moral principle, on its relation to religion. The Creator of man has bound the social to the divine virtues, and made our devotion and our reverence to himself the groundwork of our duties to our brethren and to our country.’ Hardy, The patriot, p. 36.

57 Ibid., pp. 38, 55.

58 Ibid., p. 57.

59 Ibid., p. 56.

60 Ibid., p. 48.

61 Pocock, ‘Enthusiasm: the antiself of Enlightenment’, p. 27.

62 Hardy, The patriot, p. 57; Carlyle, ‘Sermon delivered the Sunday after the French Convention declared war [Feb.?] 24th, 1793’, Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, MSS 23850, fo. 2.

63 Somerville, The effects of the French Revolution, 51; idem, Observations on the constitution and present state of Britain (Edinburgh, 1793), p. 45.

64 Somerville, The effects of the French Revolution, p. 59.

65 See Macleod, ‘The Scottish opposition Whigs and the French Revolution’, p. 97.

66 Maitland Lauderdale, James, earl of, Letters to the peers of Scotland (London, 1794), p. 279Google Scholar; Millar, John, Letters of Crito, on the causes, objects, and consequences, of the present war (Edinburgh, 1796), p. 82Google Scholar.

67 The italics are Mackintosh's. Mackintosh, ‘Vindiciae gallicae’, p. 157.

68 The expression is Sonenscher's.

69 Lauderdale, Letters to the peers of Scotland, pp. 46, 86–7.

70 Ibid., pp. 105–6.

71 Ibid., p. 48.

72 This was a Montesquieu-inspired distinction. Ibid., p. 106.

73 Ibid., p. 109.

74 Ibid., p. 89.

75 Ibid., pp. 84–5.

76 Ibid., p. 84.

77 Ibid., p. 257.

78 Ibid., p. 260.

79 Ibid., p. 81.

80 Ibid., p. 279.

81 Pocock, ‘Enthusiasm: the antiself of Enlightenment’, p. 26.

82 Lauderdale, Letters to the peers of Scotland, pp. 279.

83 Ibid., pp. 115–16.

84 Ibid., p. 257.

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86 Mallet du Pan, Jacques, Considérations sur la nature de la révolution de France et sur les causes qui en prolongent la durée (Brussels, 1793), p. 2Google Scholar. The translations are mine.

87 Ibid., pp. 25, 42. About the myth of the levée en masse, see Forrest, ‘L'armée de l'an II’.

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92 Ibid., pp. 3, 87. See also Millar, Historical view, iii, pp. 481–2.

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94 Ibid., p. 82.

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97 See in particular Paine, Thomas, ‘The rights of man’, in The writings of Thomas Paine, ii, pp. 411–13Google Scholar.

98 Merolle, ed., Letters of Crito, p. 28.

99 Ibid., pp. 46–7.

100 Millar, Historical view, iv, pp. 259–60.

101 Merolle, ed., Letters of Crito, p. 25. See also ibid., pp. 28–9.

102 Lauderdale, Letters to the peers of Scotland, p. 279.

103 Godechot, Jacques, ‘The new concept of the nation and its diffusion in Europe’, in Dann, and Dinwiddy, , eds., Nationalism in the age of the French Revolution, pp. 16–18Google Scholar.