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‘MARXISTS OF STRICT OBSERVANCE’? THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL DEFENCE, AND THE QUESTION OF WAR*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2015

MARC MULHOLLAND
MARC MULHOLLAND*
Affiliation:
St Catherine's College, Oxford University
*
St Catherine's College, Oxford, ox1 3uj[email protected]
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Abstract

In August 1914, as war broke out, socialist parties across Europe offered support to their own governments. The Socialist International was shattered. This rush to defencism has traditionally been seen as a volte face in which the International's frequent protestations in favour of peace and international working-class solidarity were suddenly abandoned. The collapse has been variously ascribed to socialist helplessness, betrayal, or ideological incoherence. This article examines the International's attitudes to war and peace as developed and espoused in the decades before 1914, and finds that the decisions of the constituent socialist parties in 1914 were understandable within this context. Socialists were not abandoning past ideals, but attempting to put them into practice. The circumstances of modern war, however, made traditional distinctions – between aggressor and defensive belligerents, and between ‘progressive’ and ‘reactionary’ nations – difficult to maintain. For some socialists, this meant that socialists of every country had a certain justification in rallying to their nation's defence. For Lenin and the Bolsheviks, however, if no capitalist country could be considered innocent, then all must be guilty.

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Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , June 2015 , pp. 615 - 640
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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Footnotes

*

Many thanks to Adrian Gregory and Jim Monaghan for their help. I am grateful to the Journal's two anonymous referees for their valuable advice. All remaining errors are my own.

References

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