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² Pocock, J. G. A., ‘The varieties of whiggism from exclusion to reform: a history of ideology and discourse’, in Virtue, commerce, and history: essays on political thought and history, chiefly in the eighteenth century (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 215–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Robbins, Commonwealthman; Worden, Blair, Roundhead reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity (London, 2001)Google Scholar; Houston, Alan Craig, Algernon Sidney and the republican heritage in England and America (Princeton, NJ, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Compare Clark, J. C. D., The language of liberty, 1660–1832: political discourse and social dynamics in the Anglo-American world (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 20–9Google Scholar.

³ Skinner, Quentin, ‘Augustan party politics and Renaissance constitutional thought’, in Visions of politics (3 vols., Cambridge, 2002), ii, pp. 344–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pocock, J. G. A., ‘Machiavelli, Harrington and English political ideologies in the eighteenth century’, in Politics, language, and time: essays on political thought and history (London, 1971), pp. 104–47Google Scholar.

⁴ Ludlow, Edmund, A voyce from the watch tower, ed. Worden, A. B. (London, 1978)Google Scholar; Worden, Blair, ‘Whig history and puritan politics: the Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow revisted’, Historical Research, 75 (2002), pp. 209–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Brian Fairfax likewise toned down the providentialism of Fairfax's Short memorials (1699): see Hopper, Andrew, ‘Black Tom’: Sir Thomas Fairfax and the English revolution (Manchester, 2007), pp. 226–9Google Scholar.

⁵ Goldie, Mark, Roger Morrice and the puritan whigs (Woodbridge, 2007), pp. 218–20Google Scholar.

⁶ Pocock, J. G. A., The ancient constitution and the feudal law: a study of English historical thought in the seventeenth century (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1987), p. 365CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁹ Worden, Roundhead, p. 147.

¹⁰ Goldie, Morrice, p. 218; Worden, ‘Whig history’, p. 233; Worden, Roundhead, p. 87. Champion likewise assigns a lesser role to Darby (Republican learning, pp. 98–9).

¹¹ Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Noel Malcolm (3 vols., Oxford, 2012), i, pp. 258–71; Malcolm, Noel, ‘The making of the ornaments: further thoughts on the printing of the third edition of Leviathan’, Hobbes Studies, 21 (2008), pp. 3–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹² D. F. McKenzie, ‘The London book trade in the later seventeenth century’ (Sandars Lectures, Univ. of Cambridge, 1976), pp. 27–9; Michael Treadwell, ‘London trade publishers 1675–1750’, The Library, 6th ser., 4 (1982), pp. 99–134.

¹³ John S. T. Hetet, ‘A literary underground in Restoration England: printers and dissenters in the context of constraints 1660–1689’ (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 1987), pp. 160–94.

¹⁴ Dzelzainis, Martin, ‘Managing the later Stuart press, 1662–1696’, in Lorna Hutson, ed., The Oxford handbook of English law and literature, 1500–1700 (Oxford, 2017), pp. 529–47Google Scholar; Hetet, ‘A literary underground’; Keeble, N. H., The literary culture of nonconformity in later seventeenth-century England (Leicester, 1987)Google Scholar; Timothy Crist, ‘Francis Smith and the opposition press in England, 1660–1688’ ( Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 1977).

¹⁵ Treadwell, Michael, ‘On false and misleading imprints in the London book trade, 1660–1750’, in Robin Myers and Michael Harris, eds., Fakes and frauds: varieties of deception in print and manuscript (Winchester, 1989), pp. 29–46Google Scholar; Foxon, David F., Pope and the early eighteenth-century book trade, rev. and ed. McLaverty, James (Oxford, 1991), pp. 1–12Google Scholar; Bricker, Andrew Benjamin, was, ‘Who “A. Moore”? The attribution of eighteenth-century publications with false and misleading imprints’, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 110 (2016), pp. 181–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁷ Malcolm, ‘Ornaments’; Walmsley, J. C. and Waldmann, Felix, ‘John Locke and the toleration of Catholics: a new manuscript’, Historical Journal, 62 (2019), pp. 1093–115, at p. 1100CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For Darby junior, see Hazel Wilkinson, ‘Printers’ flowers as evidence in the identification of unknown printers: two examples from 1715’, The Library, 7th ser., 14 (2013), pp. 70–9; May, James E., ‘Edmund Curll's printers, 1706–1715, with evidence from woodcut ornaments’, Swift Studies, 33 (2018), pp. 33–98, at pp. 77–8Google Scholar.

¹⁸ McKenzie, D. F., Stationers’ Company apprentices, 1641–1700 (Oxford, 1974), p. 78Google Scholar.

¹⁹ John Dunton, Life and errors, ed. John Nichols (2 vols., London, 1818), i, p. 247.

²⁰ Although Twyn was convicted for printing A treatise of the execution of justice (1663), not Mene Tekel (1663), L'Estrange claimed that Darby ‘printed 6 or 7 sheets of Mene-Tekel; [the] Book I seized in the Presse & one Twyne was Hangd and Quarterd for ’t. He perfected this Book, after the Other had dyd for ’t’ (London, The National Archives (TNA), SP 29/425, fo. 156r). Either L'Estrange confused the two books or had evidence linking Twyn to Mene Tekel that never made it to court. On Twyn's trial and execution for treason, see Joseph F. Loewenstein, ‘Legal proofs and corrected readings: press-agency and the new bibliography’, in David Lee Miller, Sharon O'Dair, and Harold Weber, eds., The production of English Renaissance culture (Ithaca, NY, 1994), pp. 111–22; Greene, Jody, The trouble with ownership: literary property and authorial liability in England, 1660–1730 (Philadelphia, PA, 2005), pp. 66–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²¹ TNA, SP 29/239, fo. 10r.

²² There is some doubt as to whether he printed the sheet after composing it; see Dzelzainis, Martin and Coster, Steph, ‘The commissioning, writing, and printing of Mr Smirke: a new account’, in Martin Dzelzainis and Edward Holberton, eds., The Oxford handbook of Andrew Marvell (Oxford, 2019), pp. 538–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ Marvell, Andrew, The prose works of Andrew Marvell, ed. Dzelzainis, Martin et al. (2 vols., New Haven, CT, 2003), ii, p. 188Google Scholar.

²⁴ Suspected Darby pamphlets from that year include J. E., A narrative of the cause and manner of the imprisonment of the lords (Amsterdam [i.e. London], 1677); A seasonable argument to perswade all the grand juries in England to petition for a new parliament (Amsterdam [i.e. London], 1677); A list of several ships belonging to English merchants (Amsterdam [i.e. London], 1677).

²⁵ TNA, SP 44/334, p. 457; London Gazette, 1288 (25 Mar. 1678).

²⁶ Peter Hinds, ‘Rogers L'Estrange, the Rye House plot, and the regulation of political discourse in late-seventeenth-century London’, The Library, 7th ser., 3 (2002), pp. 3–31; Tapsell, Grant, The personal rule of Charles II, 1681–1685 (Woodbridge, 2007), pp. 102–3Google Scholar.

²⁷ Lloyd was the point of contact for Nathaniel Hartshorne, a double agent who infiltrated the chambers of Richard Goodenough and witnessed him scheming with John Ayloffe and others on how best to kill the king (TNA, SP 29/427, fo. 48). It was Lloyd who seized the papers of Algernon Sidney: see Scott, Jonathan, Algernon Sidney and the Restoration crisis, 1677–1683 (Cambridge, 1991), p. 294CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ TNA, SP 29/424, fo. 230r; Joseph Hone, ‘David Edwards and the later Stuart underground press’, English Historical Review, forthcoming.

²⁹ TNA, SP 29/425, fo. 100r.

³⁰ Ibid., fo. 100r.

³¹ Ibid., fos. 100r and 156r.

³² Ibid., fo. 156r.

³³ TNA, SP 29/432, fo. 2r.

³⁴ TNA, SP 29/237, fo. 165r; SP 29/236, fo. 309r.

³⁵ Goldie, Morrice, p. 566.

³⁶ TNA, SP 29/430, fo. 49r.

³⁷ TNA, SP 29/433, fos. 13–14. The ‘reply to Jovian’ mentioned by Johnson under interrogation was Julian's arts. This false ‘1682’ edition of Julian (estc r22222) is octavo; the true first edition is duodecimo.

³⁸ TNA, SP 29/433, fo. 13v; Zook, Melinda S., Radical whigs and conspiratorial politics in late Stuart England (University Park, PA, 1999), p. 61Google Scholar.

³⁹ The speech of the late Lord Russel (London, 1683), p. 4.

⁴⁰ Luttrell, Narcissus, A brief historical relation of state affairs (6 vols., Oxford, 1857), i, p. 288Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Schwoerer, Lois G., Lady Rachel Russell (Baltimore, MD, 1988), pp. 137–42Google Scholar.

⁴² TNA, PC 2/61, pp. 143, 189, and 289–90; SP 29/425, fo. 157r; London, The Stationers’ Company, 1/E/17/08; Dzelzainis, ‘Managing the later Stuart press’, p. 536.

⁴³ Goldie, Mark, ‘The roots of true whiggism, 1689–1694’, History of Political Thought, 1 (1980), pp. 195–236Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ J., D., King Charles I no such saint (London, 1698), pp. 22–3Google Scholar. The licence for Julian's arts was obtained by Richard Chiswell, with whom Darby worked regularly (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawl. d. 730, fo. 198v).

⁴⁵ State tracts (2 vols., London, 1689–92), i, sig. A2r.

⁴⁶ Ibid., sig. A2r.

⁴⁷ Ibid., ii, sig. A2r.

⁴⁸ [William Pittis et al.], Letters from the living to the living (London, 1703), pp. 153–4. The advertisements and combination of founts confirm the charge. On Tyrrell's ancient constitutionalism, see Greenberg, Janelle, The radical face of the ancient constitution: St Edward's ‘laws’ in early modern political thought (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 283–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rudolph, Julia, Revolution by degrees: James Tyrrell and whig political thought (Basingstoke, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gough, J. W., ‘James Tyrrell, whig historian and friend of John Locke’, Historical Journal, 19 (1976), pp. 581–610CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁹ Goldie, ‘Roots’, p. 225.

⁵⁰ Walsh, Ashley, ‘The Saxon republic and the ancient constitution in the standing army controversy, 1697–1699’, Historical Journal, 62 (2019), pp. 663–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zook, Melinda S., ‘Early whig ideology, ancient constitutionalism, and the Reverend Samuel Johnson’, Journal of British Studies, 32 (1993), pp. 139–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵¹ On the Mirror, see Greenberg, Radical face, pp. 76–8.

⁵² John Milton, Eikonoklastēs (Amsterdam [i.e. London], 1690), p. 36.

⁵³ Johnson, Samuel, An essay concerning parliaments at a certainty (London, 1693), pp. 8–13Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Johnson, Samuel, An argument proving that the abrogation of King James by the people of England from the regal throne (London, 1692), pp. 13–14Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ The canonical states-man's grand argument discuss'd (London, 1693), sig. A2v.

⁵⁶ A true and faithful relation of the horrid and barbarous attempt to assassinate the Reverend Mr Samuel Johnson (London, 1692), p. 2.

⁵⁷ Taft, Barbara, ‘Return of a regicide: Edmund Ludlow and the glorious revolution’, History, 76 (1991), pp. 197–220CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mahlberg, Gaby, The English republican exiles in Europe during the Restoration (Cambridge, 2020), pp. 268–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁸ Whiting, George W., ‘A late seventeenth century Milton plagiarism’, Studies in Philology, 31 (1934), pp. 37–50Google Scholar; Sensabaugh, George F., ‘Milton in the revolution settlement’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 9 (1946), pp. 175–208, at pp. 201–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ Long, Thomas, Dr Walker's true, modest, and faithful account (London, 1693), p. 4Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Whiting, George W., ‘The authorship of the Ludlow pamphlets’, Notes and Queries, 165 (1933), pp. 426–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Worden, ed., Voyce, pp. 35–9; Champion, Republican learning, pp. 103–5; Goldie, Morrice, pp. 221–4.

⁶¹ Oxford, Bodleian Library, Wood 363.

⁶² C. C., ‘Major-General Edmund Ludlow: his letters’, Notes and Queries, 165 (1933), p. 279.

⁶³ Titus Oates, Eikōn vasilikē tritē (London, 1697), p. 103; Slingsby Bethel, The providences of God (2nd edn, London, 1697), sig. a2r. This ‘second edition’ comprised the repackaged sheets of Darby's 1694 edition for Baldwin. Worden does not mention this evidence in favour of Percival (‘Whig history’, p. 223). The Rye-House travestie (1696) is among the books ‘published’ by Percival in the Eikōn vasilikē tritē, but is ‘by’ Percival in The providences of God.

⁶⁴ Sensabaugh, G. F., ‘Adaptations of Areopagitica’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 13 (1950), pp. 201–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Geoff Kemp, ‘Ideas of the liberty of the press’ (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 2000), pp. 155–60.

⁶⁵ John Milton, A defence of the people of England, [trans. Joseph Washington] ([London], 1692), pp. 191–2.

⁶⁶ The Letters was advertised among books sold by Richard Baldwin, though not among those published by him (Post Man, 240 [21 Nov. 1696]).

⁶⁷ John Milton, A complete collection of the historical, political, and miscellaneous works (3 vols., Amsterdam [i.e. London], 1698), sigs. B1r, T1r, Nn1r, Lll1r, Pppp1r, 5M1r.

⁶⁸ Ibid., ii, pp. 565–656.

⁶⁹ John Milton, Letters of state, [ed. Edward Phillips] (London, 1694), pp. xxxviii–xxxix.

⁷⁰ Edward Arber, ed., A transcript of the registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, from 1640–1708 (3 vols., London, 1913), iii, p. 345.

⁷¹ Between 1685 and 1695, Darby's initials appear in seven Churchill imprints; John Leake in four; Thomas Braddyll in two; Freeman Collins in one. Both Darby and Braddyll used the founts with which Locke's Two treatises was printed for Churchill in 1690.

⁷² Nicholas von Maltzhan, ‘The whig Milton, 1667–1700’, in David Armitage, Armand Himy, and Quentin Skinner, eds., Milton and republicanism (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 229–53, at pp. 245 and 249.

⁷³ Michael Treadwell, ‘A new list of English master printers c. 1686’, The Library, 6th ser., 4 (1982), pp. 57–61.

⁷⁴ Goldie, ‘Roots’, p. 235.

⁷⁵ [James Tyrrell], Proposals for printing a general history of England (London, 1694), p. 1.

⁷⁶ [Joseph Jackson], An essay concerning a vacuum (London, 1697), sig. D2r; [John Toland], The militia reform'd (2nd edn, London, 1699), inserted sheet; [Stephen Nye], An historical account and defence of the canon (London, 1700), sig. H6v.

⁷⁷ Bullard, Rebecca, The politics of disclosure, 1674–1725: secret history narratives (London, 2009), pp. 45–62Google Scholar; Bellany, Alastair and Cogswell, Thomas, The murder of James I (New Haven, CT, 2015), pp. 517–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁸ State tracts, i, sig. A2r; ii, sig. [A2r].

⁷⁹ Roger Coke, A detection of the court and state of England (2 vols., London, 1694), i, sig. A3r. The first edition was printed by Darby and partially financed by John Dunton and John Harris: see Park, Henry, Lachryme sacerdotis (London, 1695)Google Scholar, sig. C2r; Turner, William, The history of all religions (London, 1695)Google Scholar, sig. Xx3v; Dunton, Life, i, p. 231.

⁸⁰ Post Boy, 253 (19 Dec. 1696).

⁸¹ Poems on affairs of state (4 vols., London, 1697 [i.e. 1696]–1707), i, pp. 7–25. The earlier collections were A collection of poems on affairs of state (London, 1689); A second collection of poems on affairs of state (London, 1689); A third collection of poems on affairs of state (London, 1689); compare to Three poems upon the death of the late usurper (London, 1682).

⁸² Poems on affairs of state, i, sigs. A4v–A5r. Compare the phrasing with Toland's introduction to Sidney, Algernon, Discourses concerning government (London, 1698), sigs. A2r–A2vGoogle Scholar.

⁸³ Post Man, 300 (3 Apr. 1697).

⁸⁴ Cameron, W. J., ‘The Princeton copies of Poems on affairs of state, vol. ii, 1703’, Princeton University Library Chronicle, 24 (1963), pp. 121–7, at p. 124CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁵ The black letter ‘A’ has a broken serif. Despite an exhaustive search, I have not been able to find this precise broken piece of type in any book published between 1690 and 1700. Tracing this particular piece of type would either confirm or disprove my argument for Darby's involvement.

⁸⁶ [John Tutchin], The foreigners (London, 1700), t.p.; Samuel Johnson, A second five year's struggle against popery and tyranny (London, 1689), t.p.; Milton, Collection, i, sig. A1r. The same ornament appears on the title page of R[ichard] B[ovet], A poem humbly presented to his most excellent majesty (London, 1696), which was printed by Darby's stepson, James Dover, on the press at Bartholomew Close.

⁸⁷ [William Pittis], The true-born Englishman: a satyr, answer'd paragraph by paragraph (London, 1701), pp. 2 and 86. See Borsing, Christopher, Daniel Defoe and the representation of personal identity (Abingdon, 2017), p. 29Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ A description of Mr D—n's funeral (3rd edn, London, 1700), sig. C2v. The poem is conventionally attributed to Thomas Brown on no basis whatsoever; it was not included in Samuel Briscoe's edition of The works of Mr Thomas Brown (2 vols., London, 1707).

⁸⁹ [Tutchin], The foreigners, sig. C2v.

⁹⁰ Poems on affairs of state, ii, sig. A3v.

⁹¹ Æsop at Amsterdam (Amsterdam [i.e. London], 1698), t.p.; for the same fleurons, see the title pages of A letter to a member of parliament concering guards and garisons (London, 1699); A letter to a member of parliament concerning the four regiments (London, 1699); Denzil, Lord Holles, Memoirs (London, 1699); [John Tutchin?], The state of the navy consider'd (London, 1699); [Samuel Johnson], The second part of the confutation (London, 1700); [Matthew Tindal], Four discourses (London, 1709). For an alleged link to Toland, see Old Æsop at White-hall (London, 1698), sig. A2v.

⁹² The declaration lately publish'd in favour of his Protestant subjects (London, 1707), sig. C8v. Woodward seems to have worked as both a copyright owning bookseller and a trade publisher: see John McTague, ‘The New Atalantis arrests: a reassessment’, The Library, 7th ser., 15 (2014), pp. 439–46.

⁹³ Books sold by John Darby in Bartholomew-Close ([London], [1709]), p. 3.

⁹⁴ Patterson, Annabel, ‘Lady State's first two sittings: Marvell's satiric canon’, Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, 40 (2000), pp. 395–411, at p. 401CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hammond, Paul, The making of Restoration poetry (Cambridge, 2006), p. 27Google Scholar.

⁹⁵ Poems on affairs of state, i, sigs. A4v–A5r.

⁹⁶ Ibid., sig. A4r. Toland likewise used the example of ‘the Usurper Julius’ (Ludlow, Memoirs, i, pp. iii–iv) and spoke of Cromwell as a new tyrant Caesar (John Toland, Clito [London, 1700], pp. 11–12). Compare also ‘an equal share with many of the most celebrated of the Romans’ (sig. A4v) with Milton, Collection, i, p. 30.

⁹⁷ Hone, Joseph, ‘Daniel Defoe and the whig tradition in satire’, English Literary History, 84 (2017), pp. 865–90, at pp. 874–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁸ Tutchin, John, A pindarick ode in the praise of folly and knavery (London, 1696), sig. A2rGoogle Scholar. The title page ornaments are ‘fleuron 1’ used by Darby for his edition of Leviathan. To Noel Malcolm's list of Darby books containing this fleuron (‘Ornaments’, p. 31), I add the aforementioned ode by Tutchin and the following five works: [Andrew Marvell], An account of the growth of popery and arbitrary government in England (Amsterdam [i.e. London], [1678]; estc r15579); [Thomas Hodges], Plantation justice (London, 1701); Reflections upon a late scandalous and malicious pamphlet entitul'd the shortest way with the dissenters (London, 1703); Eight fables on the present posture of affairs (London, 1703); A dialogue betwixt whig and tory (London, 1710). On Tutchin's friendship with Milton's nephew, see Shawcross, John T., The arms of the family: the significance of John Milton's relatives and associates (Lexington, KY, 2004), p. 112Google Scholar.

⁹⁹ Fuller, William, The whole life of William Fuller (London, 1703), p. 4Google Scholar. Tutchin continued to rail against modern whigs into the following reign: see Taylor, Edward, ‘John Tutchin's Observator, comment serials, and the “rage of party” in Britain, 1678 – c. 1730’, Historical Journal, 63 (2020), pp. 862–84, at p. 878CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ Tutchin, John, White-hall in flames (London, 1698), p. 20Google Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Downie, J. A., To settle the succession of the state: literature and politics, 1678–1750 (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 51–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰² [Tutchin], The foreigners, pp. 4 and 7.

¹⁰³ Ibid., p. 10.

¹⁰⁴ Walsh, ‘Saxon republic’, p. 672; Fuller, William, Mr William Fuller's letter to Mr John Tutchin (London, 1703), p. 3Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Observator, 75 (9 Jan. 1703).

¹⁰⁶ [John Tutchin], The apostates (London, 1701), p. 4. The title page features a small ornament elsewhere used by Darby: [Tindal], Four discourses, p. 1; [Matthew Tindal], A defence of the rights of the Christian church (2nd edn, London, 1709), p. 3.

¹⁰⁷ [Tutchin], The apostates, p. 6.

¹⁰⁸ State tracts, ii, sig. A2r.

¹⁰⁹ Harris, Jonathan, ‘The Grecian coffee house and political debate in London 1688–1714’, London Journal, 25 (2000), pp. 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁰ London, British Library (BL), Add. MS 4291, fo. 40r.

¹¹¹ Downie, J. A., ‘William Stephens and the Letter to the author of the memorial of the state of England reconsidered’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 50 (1977), pp. 253–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹² Jenkins, Philip, ‘Anti-popery on the Welsh Marches in the seventeenth century’, Historical Journal, 23 (1980), pp. 275–93, at p. 287CrossRefGoogle Scholar; TNA, SP 44/337, fo. 43r; SP 44/71, fo. 269r.

¹¹³ BL, Add. MS 4295, fo. 6r.

¹¹⁴ J[ohn] T[oland], The life of John Milton (London, 1699), p. 5; Giancarlo Carabelli, Tolandiana: materiali bibliografici per lo studio dell'opera e della fortuna di John Toland (Florence, 1975), pp. 44–7; Duke-Evans, ‘Commonwealthsman’, pp. 22–3; Champion, Republican learning, p. 99.

¹¹⁵ BL, Add MS 35403, fo. 31r; Luttrell, Relation, iv, p. 313.

¹¹⁶ Books sold by John Darby in Bartholomew-Close ([London], [1717]), p. 1. Worden muddles Isaac Littlebury and the stationer Robert Littlebury (‘Whig history’, p. 215).

¹¹⁷ Downie, J. A., Robert Harley and the press: propaganda and public opinion in the age of Swift and Defoe (Cambridge, 1979), pp. 29–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; compare D. W. Hayton, ed., The parliamentary diary of Sir Richard Cocks, 1698–1702 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 1, 10–11, 25, 31–2.

¹¹⁸ [John Tutchin], The seaman's opinion of a standing army (London, 1699), pp. 4–5. Tutchin claimed authorship of this pamphlet in Observator, 16 (26 May 1705), writing ‘if any Body desires to know the Truth hereof let ’em enquire of Mr John Darby, a Printer in Bartholomew Close’. The pamphlet also hints at an old intimacy with Richard Baldwin (p. 14). It has not previously been attributed to Tutchin. For Tutchin's early opposition to mercenary armies, see his Civitas militaris (London, 1690 [i.e. 1689]), p. 5.

¹¹⁹ Walsh, ‘Saxon republic’.

¹²⁰ [John Trenchard et al.], An argument shewing that a standing army is inconsistent with a free government (London, 1697), p. 18.

¹²¹ D. J., King Charles, pp. 22–3. Johnson was considered in this light in Remarks upon the most eminent of our antimonarchical authors (London, 1699).

¹²² Schwoerer, Lois G., ‘Chronology and authorship of the standing army tracts, 1697–1699’, Notes and Queries, 13 (1966), pp. 382–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The dubious titles are The several debates of the House of Commons (London, 1697); Considerations upon the choice of a Speaker (London, 1698); Some further considerations about a standing army (London, 1699). Despite his importance in this campaign, Darby receives no mention in David Womersley, ed., Writings on standing armies (Carmel, IN, 2020).

¹²³ Bernardo Davanzati, A discourse upon coins, trans. John Toland (London, 1696), sigs. D2r–D2v; George Meriton, Immorality, debauchery, and profaneness, exposed (London, 1698), sigs. H6r–H8v.

¹²⁴ [Matthew Tindal], An essay concerning the power of the magistrate (London, 1697), p. 204; [Jackson], An essay, sig. D2r; The anatomy of a project for raising two millions ([London], 1698), p. 8; [Toland], The militia reform'd (2nd edn), inserted sheet; [Nye], An historical account, sigs. H6v–H7v.

¹²⁵ [Tutchin?], The state of the navy consider'd, p. 16; [William Stephens], A letter to his most excellent majesty King William III (3rd edn, London, 1699), sig. B4v; [Tutchin], The foreigners, sig. C2v.

¹²⁶ A dialogue between a director of the New East-India Company and one of the committee for preparing by-laws for the said company (1699), sigs. D3v–D4r; A description of Mr D—n's funeral (3rd edn, London, 1700), sig. C2v.

¹²⁷ Edward Arber, ed., The term catalogues, 1668–1709 (3 vols., London, 1906), iii, p. 188.

¹²⁸ Edmund Ludlow, Memoirs, [ed. John Toland] (3 vols., London, 1698–9), iii, sig. A3v.

¹²⁹ Milton, Collection, i, p. 37.

¹³⁰ David Jones, The secret history of White-hall (London, 1697), p. 6; Jones, David, A continuation of the secret-history of White-hall (London, 1697), p. 384Google Scholar. The books were published by John Harris and Andrew Bell, and distributed by Richard Baldwin. Darby printed the second edition (in which he had a stake) and likely printed the first.

¹³¹ Roger Coke [and David Jones], A detection of the court and state of England (3rd edn, 2 vols., London, 1697), t.p.; an advertisement for Darby books sold by Bell is on p. 10. For Jones's part, see Snyder, Henry, ‘David Jones, augustan historian and pioneer English annalist’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 44 (1980), pp. 11–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³² Coke [and Jones], Detection (1697), i, pp. 199–201, 228, 236, 285; ii, 387–92, 431, 493, 539, 625–7, 642–3, 647; Womersley, ed., Writings, p. xxix.

¹³³ Compare Coke, Detection (1694), ii, pp. 51–2, with Coke [and Jones], Detection (1697), ii, pp. 387–92.

¹³⁴ Compare Coke, Detection (1694), ii, p. 11, with Coke [and Jones], Detection (1697), ii, p. 348; Worden, ed., Voyce, pp. 37–8.

¹³⁵ Lindenbaum, Peter, ‘Dispatches from the archives’, Milton Quarterly, 36 (2002), pp. 46–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁶ [John Toland], The danger of mercenary parliaments (2nd edn, London, 1722), p. xi.

¹³⁷ Brown, Thomas, Letters from the dead to the living (London, 1702), p. 27Google Scholar.

¹³⁸ BL, Add. MS 4295, fo. 10r.

¹³⁹ On Lawton's Harringtonianism, see Mark Goldie and Clare Jackson, ‘Williamite tyranny and the whig Jacobites’, in Esther Mijers and David Onnekink, eds., Redefining William III: the impact of the king-stadholder in international context (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 177–99, at pp. 187–8.

¹⁴⁰ Monod, Paul, ‘Jacobitism and country principles in the reign of William III’, Historical Journal, 30 (1987), pp. 289–310, at p. 300CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴¹ John Toland, A collection of several pieces (2 vols., London, 1726), ii, p. 227.

¹⁴² TNA, PRO 30/24/20, fo. 33v.

¹⁴³ The £30 from Harley would have covered considerably less than a quarter of the paper costs for Oceana, generously assuming a small print run of 500 copies and paper costing 32s per ream (Foxon, Pope, pp. 52–4), which would be a cheap price for the ‘very good paper’ Toland demanded; a larger run and more expensive paper seem likely, in which case £30 was a truly paltry sum.

¹⁴⁴ Robbins, Caroline, ‘The strenuous whig: Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn’, William and Mary Quarterly, 7 (1950), pp. 406–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Marshall, P. D., ‘Thomas Hollis (1720–74): the bibliophile as libertarian’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 66 (1984), pp. 246–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blair Worden, ‘Introduction’, in Marchamont Nedham, The excellencie of a free state, ed. Worden (Indianapolis, IN, 2011), pp. lxiv–lxxxiii. Through his editorial interventions, Hollis transformed Darby's oppositional canon into a republican canon.

¹⁴⁵ Walsh, ‘Saxon republic’, pp. 671–6.

¹⁴⁶ Toland, Collection, ii, p. 339.

¹⁴⁷ Champion, Republican learning, p. 99.

¹⁴⁸ Holles, Memoirs, p. v.

¹⁴⁹ Goldie, Morrice, p. 220.

¹⁵⁰ Holles, Memoirs, p. xii.

¹⁵¹ [William Baron], Regicides no saints nor martyrs (London, 1700), pp. 8–9.

¹⁵² England's enemies exposed (London, 1701), p. 28.

¹⁵³ Brown, Letters, pp. 17–18.

¹⁵⁴ Ibid., pp. 26–7.

¹⁵⁵ [Pittis et al.], Letters, p. 154. Tutchin attributed this volume to ‘Harry Clitus [i.e. Pittis], and his Club’ (Observator, 60 [3 Nov. 1703]).

¹⁵⁶ [Pittis et al.], Letters, p. 152.

¹⁵⁷ Pocock, ‘Varieties of whiggism’, p. 232. On the canon in this tradition, see Hammersley, Rachel, Republicanism: an introduction (London, 2020), pp. 94–9Google Scholar; Zurbuchen, Simone, ‘Republicanism and toleration’, in van Gelderen, Martin and Skinner, Quentin, eds., Republicanism: a shared European heritage (2 vols., Cambridge, 2002), ii, pp. 47–72Google Scholar; Worden, Blair, ‘English republicanism’, in Burns, J. H. and Goldie, Mark, eds., The Cambridge history of political thought, 1450–1700 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 443–75, at pp. 461–75Google Scholar.