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IV. Earl Grey's Cabinet and the Objects of Parliamentary Reform
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
Extract
Since the advent of the social sciences, historians have been ploughing up large areas of well-trampled history. Sociology, for example, has lent them an expanding range of hypotheses and interpretations. In particular, studies more concerned with behavioural patterns than with the mere details of what happened have cast the traditional accounts aside. But there are dangers in this rush to produce fresh formulations. The historian, once caught in the tangle of an ingenious general explanation, abandons too easily the normal rigorous standards of historical research. Frequendy, in such cases, he fails to establish the relationship between his evidence and his generalizations. These criticisms often apply when broad concepts from political sociology are used to explain the motives and behaviour of specific politicians and groups of politicians. Any background study of the Great Reform Act is exposed to all these risks.
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References
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75 Holland's Political Journals, entry for 20 July 1831.
76 Ibid. entry for 21 July 1831 (see also 5 Sept. 1831); Cooper, Leonard, Radical Jack (London, 1959), pp. 100–1, 103, 105. See the 1834 correspondence involving Durham, Grey, Russell, Holland and Taylor on the respective contributions of Durham and Russell in framing the original Bill: Russell Papers, P.R.O. 30/22/IC, fos. 139–143; Holland House Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 51548, fo. 163, 51677, fo. 140; see also Col. Charles Grey to Brougham, 16 Feb. 1852, Brougham Papers.Google Scholar
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78 Holland's Political Journals, entry for 14 Aug. 1831.
The revised borough freeholder clause has been the subject of an interesting but limited debate about the motives of the reforming government; see Hennock, E. P., ‘The Sociological Premises of the First Reform Act: A Critical Note’ and ‘D. C. Moore replies’, Victorian Studies, xiv, no. 3, pp. 321–37.Google Scholar Though it may be scarcely illuminating to say that they disagree about ‘the effective dynamics of nineteenth century political action’, to use Professor Moore's characteristic phrase, they certainly both ignore ‘the effective dynamics’ of Earl Grey's Cabinet. It is true that the Cabinet split over the specifications of the proposed reform was patched up in July. Holland's journal entry for 22 July reveals that the Cabinet declined ‘willingly to alter the bill or vary the proportion we had proposed to establish between land ’ and therefore refused, on the one hand, ‘to grant double representation to 26 boroughs’ and, on the other hand, ‘to admit tenants at will to vote for counties’. However, during the debate of 12 August, Sugden expressed objections to the existing borough freeholder clause and touched off a renewed controversy within the Cabinet. Another uneasy compromise was reached. Holland's journal entry for 14 August explains that ‘the reason for so altering our former determination was a persuasion that we should hardly be able to carry a provision so injurious to the rights of persons connected with town populations’. The Whigs within the Cabinet had succeeded in getting their colleagues to endorse a change in the borough freeholder clause, but it was a victory due more to arguments of strategy than of principle.
No doubt the success of the Chandos Clause later that month put the wisdom of this strategy into question. Ministers were caught off guard by its adoption. Possibly it was a reaction against the ministerial proposal. There is some later evidence to show that Palmerston was in contact with Chandos even at this early stage. Palmerston privately approved of the counter-balancing effect attributed by some to the Chandos Clause. The Whig members of the Cabinet opposed the Chandos Clause not so much because they feared its consequences but because they distrusted its sponsors. Furthermore, both Grey and Russell believed it could only do the landed interest harm. Grey thought it would open the way to secret ballot (3 Hansard (3 Oct. 1831), VII, 939–40) and Russell believed it would increase election expenses enormously (‘Memorandum by Lord John Russell’, 20 Oct. 1831, Grey Papers, box 46, Papers on Parliamentary Reform I).Google Scholar
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81 Ibid. entry for 8 Oct. 1831.
82 Ibid. entry for 10 Oct. 1831; Palmerston to Grey, 9 Oct. 1831, Holland House Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 51548, fo. 117 (copy).
83 Ibid.
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