Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
This was how the Public Advertiser greeted the passage of the Quebec Act through parliament in June 1774. It was a remarkable transformation from the ecstasy evident in newspaper reports that greeted the fall of New France in 1760. As early as November 1759 the city of Nottingham singled out the North American campaign as the glorious core of British strategy. Its loyal address congratulated the king ‘particularly upon the defeat of the French army in Canada, and the taking of Quebec; an acquisition not less honourable to your majesty's forces, than destructive of the trade and commerce and power of France in North America’. What occurred in those fourteen years to produce such a stark revision of views on the conquest of New France? The answer can be found partly by surveying the English press for this period. During these years, treatment of Canadian issues in the press displayed quite distinct characteristics that revealed a whole range of attitudes and opinions on the place Canada held in the future of the North American empire. No consensus on this issue ever existed. Debate on Canada mirrored a wider discussion on the future of the polyglot empire acquired at the end of the Seven Years War in 1763. In ranged from the enthusiasm of officials at Westminster to spokesmen of a strain in English thinking that challenged the whole thrust of imperial policy to date.
1 London Gazette, 24–27 November 1759.
2 Lawson, P., George Grenville: a political life (Oxford, 1984)Google Scholar, ch. II.
3 Reports from the committees of the House of Commons 1715–1800, not inserted in the Commons journals, II.
4 The Gentleman's Magazine (bound volumes), XXIX (10 1759), 453Google Scholar.
5 The British Magazine (bound volumes), I (09 1760), 37Google Scholar.
6 For the originators of the myth see Beer, G. L., British colonial policy, 1754–1765 (New York, 1907), pp. 152–9Google Scholar and Alvord, C. W., The Mississippi Valley in British politics (2 vols., Cleveland, 1917), 1, 52–62Google Scholar. For the revisionists see Namier, L. B., England in the age of the American Revolution (2nd edn, 1961), pp. 273–82Google Scholar; Sosin, J., Whitehall and the wilderness (Lincoln, Neb., 1961) ch. IGoogle Scholar; and Labaree, L. W.. The papers of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, 1966), IX, 47–100Google Scholar. A recent popular history stating the original view is Callwood, June, Portrait of Canada (Toronto, 1983)Google Scholar.
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9 The interest…, p. 45. Labaree seems to prove beyond all doubt that Benjamin Franklin wrote the pamphlet, as some older texts do cast doubts on the authorship: Franklin papers, IX, 54.
10 A letter to the people ofEngland…, p. 47.
11 Some account of remarks on the letter addressed to two great men.
12 The Gentleman's Magazine, XXX (09 1760), 24Google Scholar.
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15 The author of this pamphlet remains unknown, though, without proof, it is frequently ascribed to Edmund Burke's kinsman, William.
16 Whitehall and the wilderness, p. 13.
17 The reasons…, p. 8.
18 Ibid. p. 31.
19 The British Magazine, 1 (02 1760), 95Google Scholar.
20 Lawson, P., ‘Parliament and the first East India inquiry, 1767’, Parliamentary History Yearbook, I (1982) pp. 99–114Google Scholar.
21 The Reasons…, p. 31. This and the quote that follows are taken from here.
22 A report in the Public Advertiser on 8 April 1774 ran: ‘Lord North's slip about Salem and Marblehead is compared to a similar one in the last reign by mistake to have related to Cape Breton; whereas the real truth was that upon first settling of Nova Scotia the late Duke of Newcastle unluckily called it a very fine island’.
23 Perhaps one pamphlet that comes nearest to their view is An answer to the letter to two great men (1760).
24 Humphrey, R. A. and Scott, S. Morley, ‘Lord Northington and the laws of Canada’, Canadian Historical Review, XIV (03 1933), 42–61Google Scholar; and Marshall, P., ‘The incorporation of Quebec in the British Empire, 1763–1774’, in Platt, V. B. and Skaggs, D. C., eds., Of mother country and plantations (Bowling Green, Ohio, 1971), pp. 43–62Google Scholar.
25 Public Advertiser, 20 October 1763 (an anonymous letter from Montreal dated 16 July 1763).
26 26 August 1763.
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28 London Evening Post, 9–11 July and 27–29 July 1767.
29 April 1765, p. 210.
30 The British Magazine, 1 (02 1760), 102Google Scholar.
31 5–7 February 1767.
32 7 December 1763.
33 28–30 May 1767.
34 From the text of the speech printed in The British Magazine, 1 (11 1760), 660Google Scholar.
35 From the text of the Proclamation that appeared in The Gentleman's Magazine, XXXIII (10 1763), 477–9Google Scholar.
36 26–28 February 1767.
37 For a good background to this see Barnes, T., ‘“As near as may be agreeable to the Laws of this Kingdom”: legal birthright and legal baggage at Chebucto, 1749’, forthcoming paper in Law in a colonial society: Lectures on legal history sponsored by the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice (1983)Google Scholar.
38 See, for example, issues for 7 and 30 August 1765.
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44 See letters of ‘Pliny Junior’, for example, in the issues between December 1769 and April 1770.
45 Thomas, P.J., ‘Imperial issues in the British press, 1760–82’ (D.Phil, thesis, Oxford, 1983), pp. 349–61Google Scholar. I am grateful to Dr Thomas for his suggestions and advice in preparing this paper, and also Professor P.D.G. Thomas and Huw Bowen for their help in locating sources.
46 The Commons Journals, XXXII, 971– 2.
47 24 July 1770.
48 Brewer, J., ‘Commercialization and polities’, in McKendrick, N., Brewer, J. and Plumb, J. H., The birth of a consumer society (Indiana, 1982), pp. 197–265Google Scholar.
49 5–7 April 1774.
50 Middlesex Journal, 14–16 June 1774.
51 15 October 1774.
52 From the text printed in the Public Advertiser, 18 October 1774.
53 Middlesex Journal, 4–7 June 1774 and Public Advertiser, 9 June 1774.
54 London Evening Post, 24–26 May 1774 and 14–16 June 1774.
55 XXXXIV, 247–8 (June 1774).
56 The London Magazine, August 1774, p. 398.
57 XXXXIV, 311–12. All the quotes that follow are taken from here.
58 16–18June 1774.
59 From the text of the speech printed in the Public Advertiser, 23 June 1774.