² The two standard general histories of me Church for the period, by Alec Vidler and H. Daniel- Rops, both have the tide The Church in an Age of Revolution; see also Hobsbawm below.

³ Hobsbawm, E. J., The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 (London, 1969), pp. 159–60Google Scholar

⁴ Ibid. p. 138.

⁵ Rudé, George, The Crowd in History: a Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1730–1848 (London, 1964), p. 147.Google Scholar

⁶ Even by historians who make much of the Irish, like Thompson, E. P. in The Maying of the English Wording Class (London, 1963)Google Scholar and Hobsbawm, E. J. in Labouring Men (London, 1964).Google Scholar

⁷ Brilliantly analyzed by Dr Lynn Lees of Amhersr College, Massachusetts, in an unpublished paper, ‘The Politics of Alienation: Irishmen in Nineteenth Century London’, pp. 10–12 read to the annual meeting of the New England Historical Association, Amherst, April 1971.

⁸ Wilfrid Ward, James Canavan, Denis Gwynn, Brian Fothergill. These last three writers are dependent on Ward, and cannot be expected to notice what he ignores.

⁹ The Dawn of the Catholic Revival; The Eve of Catholic Emancipation; The Sequel to Catholic Emancipation: 1781–1850 (London, 1909–1915).Google Scholar

¹⁰ e.g. Strauss, E., Irish Nationalism and British Democracy (London, 1951)Google Scholar; Jackson, J. A., The Irish in London, unpublished M.A. thesis, University of London (1958)Google Scholar; The Irish in England (London, 1963).Google Scholar

¹¹ I have argued this in my 1970 Hulsean Prize essay, published as two articles: ‘Protestant London, No-Popery and the Irish Poor (1830–1860)’: pt. I (1830–1850), Recusant History, x (1970), 210–30; pt. 11 (1850–1860)Google Scholar, Recusant History, xi (1971), 21–46.Google Scholar

¹² Clark, G. S. R. Kitson, The Making of Victorian England (London, 1962), p. 21Google Scholar; Best, G. F. A., ‘Popular Protestantism in Victorian England’, in Robson, R. (ed.), Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain (London, 1967), p. 142Google Scholar; Coleman, B. I., Anglican Church Extension and Related Movements c. 1800–1860: with special reference to London, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge (1969), p. 362Google Scholar; Arnstein, W. L., ‘Victorian Prejudice Re-examined’, Victorian Studies (06 1969), XII, 455.Google Scholar

¹³ There were no fewer than sixteen major riot periods in Belfast in a century: in 1813, '24, '27, '32, '35, '43, '57, '64, '72, '86, '92, '93, 1901–2, 1907, 1910 and 1912 - major, that is, in terms of loss of life or destruction of property. Information from Mrs Sybil Baker: cf. her paper ‘Orange and Green: Belfast 1832–1912’, The Victorian City (London, 1973), II, 789–814.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See Rudeé, George ‘“Mother Gin” and the London Riots of 1736’, The Guildhall Miscellany, no. 10 (09 1959), pp. 53–62Google Scholar; The Crowd in History, pp. 52–5.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Coleman, Terry, The Railway Navvies (London, 1968), pp. 93–103.Google Scholar

¹⁶ The Times, 20 June 1867Google Scholar; Dent, R. K., Old and New Birmingham: a History of the Town and its People (Birmingham, 1880), sect. 11, pp. 569–71.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Boase, vi (Supplement vol. in), cols. 266–7.

¹⁸ L.C.M.M., ix (Nov. 1844), pp. 122–46.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The Times, 18 July 1853.Google Scholar

²⁰ The Times, 12 July 1853.Google Scholar The paper's account is wildly inaccurate and sensational: it declared that a priest was stabbed who in fact was away at St Edmund's Seminary; and that his confrères were ‘covered with blood’. Cf. The Tablet, 16 July 1853.Google Scholar

²¹ The Times, 18 July 1853.Google Scholar

²² Jackson, T. A., Solo Trumpet: Some Memories of Socialist Agitation and Propaganda (London, 1953), p. 34.Google Scholar

²³ S See Wiseman's, ‘Impressions’, in The Sermons, Lectures, and Speeches delivered by His Eminence Cardinal Wiseman during his Tour of Ireland in August and September, 1858 (Dublin, 1859). pp. 411–12.Google Scholar

²⁴ Rome, , its Rulers and its InstitutionsGoogle Scholar; Norman, E. R., The Catholic Church and Ireland in the Age of Rebellion (London, 1965), p. 45.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. pp. 49–51. The phrase is A. M. Sullivan's: ‘Papal Ireland’, in New Ireland (London, 1878), pp. 205–17.Google Scholar

²⁶ Cf. Major O'Reilly, James, The Irish Brigade Vindicated (Dublin, 1861)Google Scholar; Berkeley, G. F. H., The Irish Battalion in the Papal Army of 1860 (Dublin, 1929).Google Scholar

²⁷ The Tablet, 13 Oct. 1860; Purcell, E. S., Life of Cardinal Manning Archbishop of Westminster (London, 1895), II, 164Google Scholar; Urban, M. B., British Opinion and Policy on the Unification of Italy 1856–1861 (New York, 1938), p. 556.Google Scholar

²⁸ Which also drew up addresses of sympathy for presentation to the Pope, receiving equally flowery replies. Cf. SS Mary and Michael, in the East End: The Tablet, 6 Oct. 1860; and see Father J. Hearsnep, Missionary Rector of Poplar, 13 Nov. 1860, in The Tablet, 17 Nov. 1860. Characteristically Hearsnep publicized the mark of Papal condescension with an appeal for his unemployed parishioners.

²⁹ The Tablet, 9 June 1860; also Wiseman's ‘Pastoral Letter … enjoining a collection through out the diocese for His Holiness the Pope’ (London, 1860).Google Scholar On this excitement in Liverpool, and the Liverpool collections, see Burke, Thomas, Catholic History of Liverpool (Liverpool, 1910), p. 143.Google Scholar

³⁰ The Duty of Maintaining the Pope in his Temporal Sovereignty; an Appeal in behalf of the Collection for the Pope … in St John's Church, Islington … (London, 1860), pp. 20–1.Google Scholar

³¹ (London, 1860), pp. 16–17.

³² Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes (London, 1860)Google Scholar; The Last Glories of the Holy See Greater than the first (London, 1861)Google Scholar; The Present Crisis of the Holy See Tested by Prophecy (London, 1861).Google Scholar

³³ Cf. Purcell, , op. cit. I, 156–60.Google Scholar

³⁴ The Tablet, 20 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

³⁵ The Times, 20–30 Sept. 1862. The riot occurred on a Friday night, and was only fully treated in the London press on the following Monday.Google Scholar

³⁶ The Times, 19 Sept. 1862, 22–25 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

³⁷ ‘Souper’: an Evangelical missionary alleged to make converts by dispensing free soup.

³⁸ Kelly, , 17 Sept. 1862, to The Tablet, 27 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

³⁹ Edward, Royle, George Jacob Holyoake and the Secularist Movement in Britain 1841–1861, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge (1968), pp. 279–82.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Information from Dr Royle; cf. George Jacob Holyoake, p. 110.

⁴¹ There is an excellent account in rhe Daily News (29 Sept. 1862), cited here as ‘D’; most of the quotations below are taken from it: cf. The Morning Advertiser, 29 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; The Morning Star, 29 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; The Annual Register, 1862Google Scholar, Chronicle, , pp. 174–6Google Scholar; Forder, Robert in Bonner, H. B., Charles Bradlaugh (London, 1894), I, 215–16 (Forder's narrative cited below as ‘Forder’); John Mann, Park Superintendent, to George Russell, Assistant Secretary, Office of Works, 1 Oct. 1862, H.O. 45/6794/7, P.R.O.Google Scholar

⁴² D.

⁴³ Forder.

⁴⁴ They arrived after fighting had broken out. Mrs Bonner, (op. cit. p. 215), relying on her father's memories, is wrong in assuming that they had been forewarned by earlier trouble with the Irish; there is none in evidence in the principal journals either in 1860 or for nine months before.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Forder.

⁴⁶ D.

⁴⁷ Forder.

⁴⁸ D.

⁴⁹ Forder.

⁵⁰ D.

⁵¹ The same standard police-court report appears in all the dailies: cf. The Times, The Daily News, The Telegraph and The Morning Post, 30 09 1862.Google Scholar

⁵² The Times, 29 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

⁵³ Mann to Russell, supra.

⁵⁴ The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See Forder, , or The Daily Telegraph, 7 Oct. 1862, for the following Sunday.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Ibid.

⁵⁸ The Morning Star, 30 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ The Daily News, 1 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; for this species of anti-Celtic humour, see The Daily Telegraph, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ The Daily News, 2 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁶¹ See The Daily Telegraph, 1 Oct. 1862, on attempts ‘to identify … GARIBALDI with a Mazzinian propaganda and a No Popery crusade’; and, for working-class opinion on the same point, The Beehive, 4 Oct. 1862.

⁶² The Daily News, 2 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁶³ The Record, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Supra.

⁶⁵ Harrison, Brian, ‘The Sunday Trading Riots of 1855’, Historical Journal, VIII (1965), 224–5.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Ibid.

⁶⁷ The Reverend Thomas Crybbace.

⁶⁸ Crybbace to the First Commissioner of Works, 29 Aug. 1856; Russell, George, for the First Commissioner, to Crybbace, 29 Oct. 1856; 6794/9, supra.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Crybbace to the Earl of Derby, 13 May 1859; to Sir George Lewis, 1 May 1859; Alfred Austin, Secretary to the Office of Works, to Sir George Lewis, 21 May 1859; Ibid. 6794/3.

⁷⁰ Alfred Austin to the Superintendent, Hyde Park, 16 May 1860, Ibid. 6794/9.

⁷¹ Police Order, 16 July 1860, Ibid. 6794/5.

⁷² Mayne to the First Commissioner of Works, 8 Sept. 1860; Ibid. 6794/9.

⁷³ His evidence before 1855 Riots Commission of Enquiry; cited Mayne to Henry Waddington, 4 May 1864, Ibid. 6794/11.

⁷⁴ Mann to Russell, supra.

⁷⁵ Mayne to Austin, 4 Oct. 1862; Ibid. 6794/7.

⁷⁶ Police Order, 4 Oct. 1862; Ibid. 6794/7.

⁷⁷ See, for example, Petherbridge, W. on The Beehive, 4 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; Reynolds Newspaper, 5 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Reports of Inspectors of A, C, D and Divisions, G, loc. cit. 6794/7.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Ibid.

⁸⁰ Divisional Inspector, C Division, to Mayne, 2 Oct. 1862, Ibid.

⁸¹ ‘Anonymous’ and ‘One who watches’ to the Divisional Inspector, ‘A’ Division, Ibid.

⁸² Divisional Inspector, ‘A’ Division, to Mayne, 4 Oct. 1862, Ibid.

⁸³ Reports of Inspectors of J, K, L, P, R, V Divisions (Ibid.); many Divisions did not bother to return reports.

⁸⁴ On the political repressiveness of the French police, see Payne, H. C. and Grosshans, H., ‘The Exiled Revolutionaries and the French Political Police in the 1850s’, The American Historical Review, LXVIII, 4 (1963), 957, 972–3.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ There are standard accounts in The Times and The Daily News, 6 Oct. 1862Google Scholar, cited as T and D; and a rather different version in the Catholic Universal News, 6 Oct. 1862. Other journals copied, or used, the same report: thus The Times summary occurs in The Tablet, the Daily News one in The Morning Star and Reynolds Newspaper, 12 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar Also Mann, to Russell, , 6 Oct. 1862, 6794/6, supra.Google Scholar

Estimates of the number of people in the Park vary from Mayne's 60,000 (Mayne, to Waddington, Henry, 6 Oct. 1862, 6795/7, supraGoogle Scholar) to the Annual Register's 80,000, The Times' 90,000 and the Daily News' 200,000 - this last a police assessment at 3.00 p.m.

⁸⁶ D.

⁸⁷ T.

⁸⁸ Ibid.

⁸⁹ D.

⁹⁰ T.

⁹¹ D.

⁹² Ibid.

⁹³ Mann to Lewis, supra.

⁹⁴ The Times, 6 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ The Times says six o'clock; Mann to Lewis says seven, and Mayne (letter to Waddington, supra) is studiously vague, but implies an earlier time.

⁹⁶ The Universal News, 1 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ The police reports are in all the dailies, for Tuesday, 7 Oct.

⁹⁸ See, on the riots in the north, Gladstone, F. M., Notting Hill in Bygone Days (London, 1969), p. 200.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Reynolds Newspaper, 12 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ The Morning Advertiser, 29 Sept. 1862: the Woolwich magistrate's fear ‘that Woolwich would become a second Belfast’ was a litde pessimistic.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ ‘Another Roman Catholic Pastoral’, The Daily News, 20 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁰² L.C.M.M., 1 May 1863.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ The Times, 10 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Ibid. 21 Oct. 1862.

¹⁰⁵ Lees, Lynn, ‘Patterns of Lower Class Life: Irish Slum Communities in Nineteenth Century London’Google Scholar, in Thernstrom, S. and Sennett, R. (eds.), Nineteenth Century Cities (New Haven, 1969), pp. 369–70, 373.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ The Morning Post, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ The Times, 23 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Ibid. 8 Oct. 1862.

¹⁰⁹ The Daily News, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ The Times, 8 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; and for the Catholic version of the story, The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862. As the magistrate passed sentence die court resounded with ‘The Pope forever I and three cheers for him!’

¹¹¹ The Times, 9 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹¹² The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹¹³ The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ Ibid. 14 Oct. 1862.

¹¹⁵ See the case of John Murphy, in Bishop's Road, Paddington, Ibid. 11 Oct. 1862; or the truly penitent first offender of Clerkenwell, The Daily News, 19 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ e.g. The Times, 9 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; cf. other ‘non-political’ cases, given prominence by the riots: the ‘mayor of Limerick’ who tried to force his way into a music hall (The Daily News, 9 Oct. 1862), or the drunken Irish comedian (The Daily News, 4 Oct. 1862), accused of ‘letting off firearms in the Gray's Inn Road’, to the danger of passers-by.

¹¹⁸ The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ The Daily News, 11 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ The Morning Star, 23 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; cf. The Times, 7 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Smith, Charles to The Morning Star, 29 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²² The Universal News and The Universe, 4 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; cf. The Universal News and The Universe, 27 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²³ The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ ‘An English Catholic’, 15 Oct. 1862, in The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Punch, , 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Ibid. 18 Oct. 1862; cf. 22 Nov. 1862.

¹²⁷ Captain Busk, Hans, 18 Oct. 1862, to The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Punch, , 1 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Ibid.

¹³⁰ The Daily Telegraph, 6 Oct. 1862; again, The Telegraph had the stock admiration for ‘their warm and generous hearts, their bright and ready wit, their gay and cheerful courage, their deep and honest piety …’

¹³¹ The Morning Star, 6 Oct. 1862; The Daily Telegraph, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹³² The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹³³ The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ See above and below.

¹³⁵ ‘Dozens of howling fanatics, and some howlers who were not fanatics, grew up like toadstools in the Park. Some murdered the English language with a savage sincerity, and others were known to the police as having derived their theology from the good orthodox teaching of a gaol chaplain …’ (The Times, 8 Oct. 1862); cf. the broadsides in The Saturday Review, 18 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Bradlaugh's National Reformer, 11 Oct. 1862; this position was shared by other ‘working-class’ opinion; cf. ‘Scourge’, in the Beehive, 4 Nov. 1862, 11 Nov. 1862.

¹³⁷ Sparkall, Isaac, Secretary to the Garibaldian Committee, 15 Oct. 1862, to The Daily News, 17 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ ‘… the police arrangements were admirably managed. The men were ordered not to display themselves offensively - indeed they were most carefully concealed … everything which could … interfere with the popular sport was carefully and studiously neglected …’ (The Saturday Review, 11 Oct. 1862Google Scholar); cf. ‘C.S.’ 6 Oct. 1862, in The Daily News, 7 Oct. 1862; ‘… where were the police?’; The Daily Telegraph, 7 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ Mayne, to Waddington, , 6 Oct. 1862, 6974/7, loc. cit.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Police Order, The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ The Saturday Review, loc. cit.Google Scholar

¹⁴² The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ The Times, 6 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Ibid. The Record, 6 Oct. 1862.

¹⁴⁵ The Daily News, 29 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar The News assumed from their dress that they were English, but they could have been Irish: cf. The Nation, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ Reynolds Newspaper, 5 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Cf. The Morning Star, 30 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; The Daily News, 1 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; ‘An English Roman Catholic’ in The Times, 17 Oct. 1862, who had been ‘informed by a most credible witness that he saw well-dressed persons (“gendemen” he called them) inciting the Irish to fresh attacks’.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Ibid. 13 Oct. 1862.

¹⁵⁰ Kelly, Farher William, in The Tablet, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Both this letter and the Pastoral were published in The Times, 13 Oct. 1862.

¹⁵² The Times, 10 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ The Morning Post, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ The Times, loc. cit.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁵ The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ The Morning Post, loc. cit.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ The Times, loc. cit.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ The Daily News, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ ‘Pastor Bonus’, The Saturday Review, 18 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; cf. Bevington, M. M., The Saturday Review 1855–1868 (New York, 1941), p. 95.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ The Saturday Review, loc. cit.Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ The Daily Telegraph, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁶² The Daily News, 16 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁶³ The Saturday Review, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ Punch, , 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁵ The Record, 24 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁶ ‘It is surely rather a serious thing to have a crowd of ragged Irishmen … not only turning part of Glasgow into a mass of filth and degradation, as if it were part of Cork or Tipperary, crowding the poor houses and filling the gaols, but to have the same colony, under the guidance of priests … rising to put down the famous old city motto, “let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word”’ (The Bulwark, 1 Sepr. 1862); cf. The Bulwark, 1 July 1862.

¹⁶⁷ ‘Doctor Wiseman and the Hyde Park Riots’, The Bulwark, 1 Dec. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Cf. ‘A Cambridge Man‘ and ‘Anti-Romanist’ in The Morning Advertiser, 18 Oct. 1862, on the riots and the Inquisition, racks, thumbscrews, etc.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁹ The Times, 6 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁰ The Daily News, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ Ibid.

¹⁷² The Times, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷³ The Times, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁴ Punch, , 18 Oct. 1862; cf. The Morning Star, 30 Sept. 1862Google Scholar: ‘Knowing how well their countrymen fought in Italy … no one will be surprised to learn that they charged again with desperate ferocity, using sticks and stones …’ also The Daily News, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ The Morning Post, 20 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁶ ‘Another Roman Catholic Pastoral’, The Daily News, 20 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; The Times, 23 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; ‘An English Workman’ in The Daily News, 21 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁷ The Times, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁸ The Morning Advertiser, 15 Oct. 1862, captioned his letter ‘SIR G. BOWYER'S APPROVAL OF IRISH RIOTERS’.

¹⁷⁹ The Times, 10 Oct. 1862.

¹⁸⁰ The Times, 17 Oct. 1862.

¹⁸¹ Brundrit, St Werburg's, Birkcnhead, to the Liverpool Mercury, 14 Oct. 1862; reprinted in The Morning Post, 16 Oct. 1862.

¹⁸² The Daily News, 17 Oct. 1862.

¹⁸³ A grievance aired by Punch, in 22 lines of excruciating doggerel: ‘ The Broken Heads and Blockheads of Birkenhead ’ (Punch, 25 Oct. 1862).

¹⁸⁴ The Morning Post, 18 Oct. 1862.

¹⁸⁵ See The Universal News, 1 Nov. 1862.

¹⁸⁶ DrBlakeney, R. P., who in 1864 preached the Protestant Reformation Society's annual sermon, on Romish Efforts in England.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁷ For his side of the story, see his letter in The Times, 29 Oct. 1862.

¹⁸⁸ The Times, 25 Oct. 1862, 27 Oct. 1862.

¹⁸⁹ The Times, 20 Oct. 1862.

¹⁹⁰ The Times, 20 Oct. 1862.

¹⁹¹ Ibid. 23 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862.

¹⁹² In a denunciation of the popular Catholic press, and The Universe - on which, see below - ‘ Mr. Punch need not for the hundredth time assure the educated Catholic that nobody supposes him to regard such publications with other than Mr. Punch's own sentiments … ’ (Punch, 29 Nov. 1862).

¹⁹³ Burke, op. cit. p. 155.

¹⁹⁴ ‘ An English Roman Catholic ’, The Times, 17 Oct. 1862.

¹⁹⁵ Peacock, 18 Oct. 1862, to The Times, 22 Oct. 1862.

¹⁹⁶ The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.

¹⁹⁷ Ibid. 18 Oct. 1862.

¹⁹⁸ Ibid. II Oct. 1862.

¹⁹⁹ Ibid. 25 Oct. 1862.

²⁰⁰ ‘ An English Catholic ’, 15 Oct. 1862, to The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.

²⁰¹ ‘…the Irish, by the bold front which they presented to infidelity and disordered passions, have been great public benefactors…They have impressed the owners of property and the lovers of order for the sake of property, with the conviction that it is no longer safe to insult the religious feelings … of the QUEEN's stout-hearted and strong-handed subjects … For this … they are entitled to the thanks of every friend of religion and of order in the kingdom … ’ (The Weekly Register and Catholic Standard, 18 Oct. 1862).

²⁰² See ‘ French View of the Riots in Hyde Park ’, The Nation, 25 Oct. 1862; The Daily News, 13 Oct. 1862, considered it sinister that ‘ that devoted organ of the eldest daughter of the Church, La France, knew all about the riots … before they took place ’: they were announced in Paris before they occurred in London. See also the Italian Papist Armonia's reply to the Gazetta del Popolo of Turin, The Universe, 25 Oct. 1862.

²⁰³ See the first issue, 29 Dec. 1860, for the meeting to announce the foundation of the paper, presided over by Canon Frederick Oakeley, who called upon the editor ‘ for a decided advocacy of Irish interests ….’

²⁰⁴ D.N.B.

²⁰⁵ See Sullivan, T. D., A. M. Sullivan: A Memoir (Dublin, 1885), pp. 45–6; cited in part in the Universal News, 4 10. 1862.Google Scholar

²⁰⁶ The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²⁰⁷ Ibid. II Oct. 1862.

²⁰⁸ Ibid.; The Nation, 25 Oct. 1862.

²⁰⁹ Michael Considine in The Irishman, 18 Oct. 1862.

²¹⁰ The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²¹¹ The Nation, 4 Oct. 1862.

²¹² The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862 was rather hurt by the Cardinal's want of enthusiasm.

²¹³ The Weekly Register and Catholic Standard, II Oct. 1862; cf. ‘ The Park Preachers ’, The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²¹⁴ The Tablet, II Oct. 1862; The Times, 8 Oct. 1862, 10 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²¹⁵ The Nation, 22 Nov. 1862.

²¹⁶ An editorial privilege also exercised by the Universal News against a MrRyan, James. The Universal News, 8 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

²¹⁷ The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; The Nation, II Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²¹⁸ The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; The Universe, 22 Nov. 1862; The Nation, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²¹⁹ The Universal News, 6 Dec. 1862.Google Scholar

²²⁰ The Nation, 8 Nov. 1862; The Times, 3 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

²²¹ There was journalistic rivalry in this: The Freemans Journal was raising money for the Dublin O'Connell Memorial, and The Morning News and The Nation appeal might deflect subscriptions away: see The Times, 3 Nov. 1862.

²²² See the extracts published in The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862.

²²³ See, for example, the Dublin Daily News, 7 Oct. 1862 at the discomfiture of The Times; cf. The Morning Post, 8 Oct. 1862, on the Irish Protestant press, and for a similar Catholic attack on The Times' double standard in treating Orangemen in England and Ireland, see The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.

²²⁴ See The Universal News, 29 Nov. 1862, 6 Dec. 1862; pride of place goes to the opinions of The New York Metropolitan Record, ‘ the official organ of His Grace Archbishop Hughes. ’

²²⁵ e.g. The Universal News, 13 Dec. 1862.

²²⁶ See The Times on Gavazzi, 30 Sept. 1862: ‘ True, he made some offensive remarks on the Irish Brigade, but has not The Times done the same? ’

²²⁷ A typical catalogue: ‘ Marshall Nugent in Austria, O'Donnell in Spain, M'Mahon and Neil and the Old Brigade in France, Wellington at Waterloo, Gough and Napier in India … Fontenoy … Magenta and Solferino … Bull Run … Richmond … the Boyne (not a victory I), Aughrim and Athlone … ’ (‘ The Fighting Irish ’, from the Dundalk Democrat, The Nation, II Oct. 1862).

²²⁸ This catalogue was rehearsed again and again: cf. Fr William Kelly in The Universal News, 13 Oct. 1862, and The Tablet, 18 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862; the orators at the Edgeware Road meeting, I Nov. 1862; The Weekly Register and Catholic Standard, II Oct.Google Scholar

²²⁹ The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²³⁰ Begun by John Murphy in The Universal News, II Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²³¹ Sullivan, A. M. to O'Donnell, J. F., The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; cf. Sullivan in The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²³² On the Golden Square meeting, The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; Deptford, ibid.; the Edgewarc Road, I Nov. 1862; Holborn, 25 Nov. 1862; cf. Punch, I Nov. 1862.

²³³ The O'Donoghue to J. F. O'Donnell, The Universe, 18 Oct. 1862; the letter was circulated through the English press: cf. The Daily News, 17 Oct. 1862, The Saturday Review, 25 Oct. 1862. On O'Donoghue, see Boase, II, col. 1214.

²³⁴ Maguire to A. M. Sullivan, 3 Nov. 1862, reproduced in The Universal News, 8 Nov. 1862.

²³⁵ Circular, Wiseman Papers, A.A.W.

²³⁶ The Universal News, 22 Nov. 1862.

²³⁷ e.g. The Nation, 1 Nov. 1862.

²³⁸ Especially ‘ THE ENGLISH and IRISH ELEMENTS OF THE BRITISH ARMY ’, and the letter from the Irish soldiers of Chatham Barracks, 22 Oct. 1862, in The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862.

²³⁹ Any issue of The Universal News or The Nation from 18 Oct. to the end of Nov. ‘ DEATH BEFORE DISHONOUR ’ wrote one Irish priest; in another large parish all six curates subscribed (The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862).

²⁴⁰ Norman, op. cit. pp. 99–105.

²⁴¹ The Nation, I Nov. 1862.

²⁴² The Times, 3 Nov. 1862.

²⁴³ Newman to Charles Russell, 5 Nov. 1862; Dessain, Charles Stephen (ed.), The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, xx (London, 1970), 343. Apart from Miss Gladstone's note on the Irish outbreak in Notting Hill, first published in 1929 (loc. cit.), this is the only reference to the riots in a modern printed book; as Father Dessain adds, ‘ McHale [sic], who was tender towards Fenians, can have had little scruple about supporting “ anti-Garibaldians ” ’.Google Scholar

²⁴⁴ The Universe, 8 Nov. 1862.

²⁴⁵ See for example ‘Unjust Treatment of Irishmen in England’, The Universe, II Oct. 1862; ‘“ The Times ” and the Irish ’, 25 Oct. 1862; ‘ The Prejudices against Irishmen in England ’, 13 Dec. 1862.

²⁴⁶ Murphy in The Universal News, II Oct. 1862.

²⁴⁷ See footnote 205.

²⁴⁸ Author of Protestantism in Ireland Defended and Whig-Popish Logic Refuted (Edinburgh, 1856)Google Scholar, Popery and Liberalism, deadly foes to the religion and liberties of England (Preston, 1857), Protestantism on Trial: being a Series of Letters to the Bishop of London (London, 1860).Google Scholar

²⁴⁹ Rome, Antichrist, and the Papacy; being a series of Letters addressed to the Reverend Dr Manning (London, 1862).Google Scholar

²⁵⁰ The Daily News, 22 Oct. 1862.

²⁵¹ See Denvir, John, The Irish in Britain (London, 1892), pp. 178–9Google Scholar; cf. Burke, M., John O'Leary: a Study in Irish Separation (Tralee, 1967), p. 44Google Scholar; Norman, E. R., A History of Modern Ireland (London, 1971), p. 156.Google Scholar

²⁵² See, for example, Jeremiah Murphy, 13 Oct. 1862, in The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.

²⁵³ A speaker at the Holborn meeting for the riot fund ‘ concluded by calling on the meeting to join the Brotherhood of St Patrick …’ (The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862).

²⁵⁴ On Considine, see The Universe, 25 Oct. 1862.

²⁵⁵ See The Irishman, 18 Oct. 1862.

²⁵⁶ Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, loc. cit.

²⁵⁷ The Universal News, 6 Dec. 1862.

²⁵⁸ The Irishman, II Oct. 1862. This may have been pique: the paper was at war with A. M. Sullivan.

²⁵⁹ See the speech of a ‘ Mr. Cahill, who wore the papal medal, and was present at Castelfidardo…’ at the Holborn meeting for the riot fund, The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862.

²⁶⁰ Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, p. 89.

²⁶¹ D.N.B. The Irish People was founded in Nov. 1863.

²⁶² Cf. The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862, The Morning Star, 14 Oct. 1862.

²⁶³ ‘The Popish Riots ’, The Bulwark, I Nov. 1862.

²⁶⁴ Manning to Wiseman, 23 Oct. 1862, R79/5, Wiseman Papers, A.A.W.

²⁶⁵ The Times, 2 Dec. 1862; the Pastoral appeared in the paper on the Ist.Google Scholar

²⁶⁶ The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²⁶⁷ The Irish Liberator. Copies survive at Colindale for the weeks 14 N0V.-4 Dec. 1863. There were also peaceful Irish Nationalist demonstrations in Hyde Park in the 1870s. Davies, C. M., Heterodox London: or, Phases of Free Thought in the Metropolis (London, 1874), II, 319–29.Google Scholar

²⁶⁸ The Universe and The Universal News, 22 Nov. 1862, 29 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

²⁶⁹ Clive, George to Grey, Sir George, 14 Oct. 1862, 6794/8, loc. cit. It is difficult to see why Manning was still so worried, after the fiasco of the preceding Sunday. The second stage of the Birkenhead affair was still to come.Google Scholar

²⁷⁰ The Daily Telegraph, 20 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

²⁷¹ Mayne, to Baring, J. G., M.P., 3 May 1864Google Scholar; to Waddington, Henry, 4 May 1864Google Scholar; 6794/7, loc. cit.

²⁷² The Annual Register, 1866, Chronicle, pp. 99–102.Google Scholar

²⁷³ Denvir, , op. cit. pp. 183–6.Google Scholar

²⁷⁴ The Times, 18 Dec. 1867, on ‘the Roman Catholic clergy, who have all along, and never more vehemently than during the last few days, counselled them to abstain from treasonable doings. The Roman Catholic Bishops especially have done both their flocks and the nation an eminent service …’

²⁷⁵ The Church and Ireland, pp. 107–8Google Scholar, on ‘the arguments used in Parliament by the Protestant rump’ depicting Fenianism ‘as a plot inspired by the Irish hierarchy’.

²⁷⁶ Beales, D. E. D., England and Italy 1859 (London, 1961), pp. 11–14Google Scholar; ‘there is no parallel to the overriding public concern with foreign questions which distinguished the Age of Palmerston …’ (1846–65).

²⁷⁷ The annual conference of the Evangelical Alliance took place just after the riots, but ignored them in a preoccupation with Spanish Protestantism: The Morning Post, 16 Oct. 1862.

²⁷⁸ Robertson, Alexander, The Papal Conquest (London, 1909), pp. 37–8Google Scholar, cf. Swinburne's, ‘Peter's Pence from Perugia’.Google Scholar

²⁷⁹ The Church and Ireland, pp. 41–3.Google Scholar

²⁸⁰ See The Times, 20 June 1867.