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⁷¹ Lewis, J. Parry, Building cycles and Britain's economic growth (London, 1968), pp. 317–18. It is also significant, in the light of Jebb's comments on winter and vacation poverty, that the Jubilee celebrations took place in the summer, and only just after the end of the university full term.Google Scholar

⁷² This is also reflected in the divergent outlook of the local papers: the Cambridge Chronicle and University Journal, founded in 1767 and staunchly Conservative (hereafter cited as Chronicle); the Cambridge Independent Press, established in 1819, and a supporter of the Liberal Party (here after cited as Independent); and the Cambridge Express, set up in 1868, which had also veered increasingly to Conservatism (hereafter cited as Express). For the background to the press in Cambridge, see Murphy, M. J., Cambridge newspapers and opinion, 1780–1850 (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 115–117.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ Chronicle, 5 Feb. 1897. Addenbrooke's Hospital had been founded in 1766 at the bequest of John Addenbrooke, fellow of St Catharine's. But, like the Perse School, its endowment was proving to be inadequate by the end of the nineteenth century. See Gray, A., The town of Cambridge: a history (Cambridge, 1925), p. 143.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Chronicle, 26 Feb. 1897.

⁷⁹ The account of this meeting is put together from the reports in: Chronicle, 19 Mar. 1897; Independent, 19 Mar. 1897; Express, 20 Mar. 1897. Spalding's Cambridge Directory for 1898 has been used for the analysis of those attending and for the committee members nominated.

⁸⁰ Cambridge Charity Organisation Society, The charities of Cambridge (Cambridge, 1898), p. 20.

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⁸³ Chronicle, 19 Mar. 1897.

⁸⁴ Independent, 19 Mar. 1897.

⁸⁵ Chronicle, 19 Mar. 1897.

⁸⁶ Express, 27 Mar. 1897; Independent, 26 Mar. 1897.

⁸⁷ Chronicle, 26 Mar. 1897.

⁸⁸ Express, 27 Mar. 1897. In Cambridge the Diamond Jubilee was always referred to as the ‘Great’ Jubilee. This was Horace Darwin's idea.

⁸⁹ Ibid. 17 Apr. 1897.

⁹⁰ Independent, 15 Apr. 1897.

⁹¹ Chronicle, 30 June 1897.

⁹² Cambridge Review, 13 May 1897.

⁹³ Chronicle, 7 May 1897; Independent, 31 Dec. 1897.

⁹⁴ St John's College Archives, council minute 507, 6 June 1897.

⁹⁵ Jesus College Archives, conclusion book, col. 45, 4 June 1897.

⁹⁶ Gonville and Caius College Archives, Gesta Collegii, 18 June 1897.

⁹⁷ Ibid, letter book 1897, bursar to Phillips, 6 May 1897.

⁹⁸ Independent, 15 Apr. 1897; Chronicle, 16 Apr. 1897; Express, 24 Apr. 1897. A commemorative card is to be found in the Cambridge City Library, Cambridge shire Collection, C_O2.

⁹⁹ Ibid. C _O2, Cambridge Jubilee Celebrations (1887).

¹⁰⁰ Chronicle, 23 Apr. 1897; Express, 24 Apr. 1897.

¹⁰¹ Independent, 4 June 1897.

¹⁰² Express, 8 May 1897. Not surprisingly, given the prominent part played by Hill at the meeting, his paper reported the proceedings in the greatest detail.

¹⁰³ Ibid.; Chronicle, 7 May 1897.

¹⁰⁴ Independent, 4 June 1897.

¹⁰⁵ Express, 5 June 1897.

¹⁰⁶ Ibid. 12 June 1897.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid. 5 June 1897.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid, May 1897; Chronicle, 30 Apr. 1897.

¹⁰⁹ Express, 12 June 1897.

¹¹⁰ Ibid. 24 Apr. 1897.

¹¹¹ Chronicle, 28 May 1897, 4 june 1897.

¹¹² Ibid. 4 June 1897; Express, 5 June 1897.

¹¹³ Express, 22 May 1897.

¹¹⁴ Ibid. 12 June 1897; Chronicle, 11 June 1897.

¹¹⁵ Independent, 11 June 1897.

¹¹⁶ Express, 12 June 1897.

¹¹⁷ Ibid. 5, 12 and 19 June 1897.

¹¹⁸ Chronicle, 18 June 1897.

¹¹⁹ Cambridge University Reporter: 1, 8 and 15 June 1897.

¹²⁰ Independent, 11 June 1897.

¹²¹ Chronicle, 18 June 1897.

¹²² The account of the Sunday services, and the subsequent Jubilee jollifications, is taken from: Independent, 25 June 1897; Chronicle, 25 June 1897; Express, 26 June 1897. To avoid unnecessary repetition, further references will not be given.

¹²³ Cambridge City Library, Cambridge shire Collection, C 87, F. Watson, The Great Jubilee: a sermon preached in St Edward's Church, Cambridge, on 20 June 1897 (1897), p. 5.

¹²⁴ Yeo, Religion, pp. 85–6.

¹²⁵ Cambridge City Library, Cambridge shire Collection, C _O2, Official Programme, Great Jubilee celebrations at Cambridge, Tuesday, 22 June 1897 (1897), p. 27.

¹²⁶ Independent, 2 July 1897.

¹²⁷ Ibid. 16 July 1897.

¹²⁸ Ibid. 25 June 1897.

¹²⁹ Express, 26 June 1897.

¹³⁰ Chronicle, 25 June 1897.

¹³¹ Independent, 25 June 1897.

¹³² Express, 26 June 1897.

¹³³ Newspapers are a difficult source for this type of account, since they do not tell us what most people were actually thinking. But, as Stephen Yeo notes, while ‘there are obvious problems about what is not reported in the local press, and perspectives which do not break through to it’, nevertheless, ‘these problems are less acute in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century local press. At that time there was a far greater proportion of straight, often verbatim reporting, of sermons, speeches, the proceedings of annual meetings, “annual courts” of hospitals and the like. There were correspondingly less over-written, slanted “news” items.’ (Yeo, Religion, preface.)

¹³⁴ Chronicle, 4 June 1897.

¹³⁵ Express, 8 May 1897.

¹³⁶ There is a great danger in assuming automatically that celebration – especially of the more recreational kind during the Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday of Jubilee week – implies consensual commitment. As Philip Ziegler notes correctly, ‘Celebrations do not necessarily betoken zeal for the cause which provokes them. To keep Christmas does not prove that one is a Christian.’ Indeed, it is just possible that the two-thirds of the Cambridge working classes who were not involved with the Friendly Societies, and who therefore had no ‘official’, reported reaction to the Jubilee at all, were in fact hostile or indifferent, and merely regarded the celebrations as an excuse to have a good time, devoid of any royal or patriotic thoughts. But, in so ‘conservative’ a town, fully decked out with royal decorations, this seems intrinsically unlikely. For some general comments on this problem, see Ziegler, Crown and people, pp. 195–6.

¹³⁷ Morris, Pax Britannica, pp. 30, 441.

¹³⁸ Lukes, Essays, pp. 68–9.

¹³⁹ Ibid. p. 210.

¹⁴⁰ Lukes, Power, p. 42.

¹⁴¹ Ziegler, Crown and people, pp. 196–7.

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¹⁴³ Express, 12 June 1897.

¹⁴⁴ For a similar episode concerning local celebrations of the 1937 Coronation see Jennings and Madge, May the twelfth, pp. 48–51.

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