¹ T. W. Copeland, ed., The correspondence of Edmund Burke (10 vols., Cambridge and Chicago, 1958–70).

² The two volumes relevant to this article are L. G. Mitchell, ed., The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, viii: The French Revolution (Oxford, 1989), and R. B. McDowell, ed., The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, ix: Part 1. The revolutionary war, 1794–1797; Part 2. Ireland (Oxford, 1991).

³ Iain Hampsher-Monk, The impact of the French Revolution (Cambridge, 2005).

⁴ Eric J. Evans, William Pitt the Younger (Lancaster, 1999); Michael Duffy, The Younger Pitt (London, 2000); Michael Turner, Pitt the Younger: a life (London, 2003); William Hague, William Pitt the Younger: a biography (London, 2004); Jennifer Mori, William Pitt and the French Revolution, 1785–1795 (Edinburgh, 1997).

⁵ Charles John Fedorak, Henry Addington: prime minister, 1801–1804: peace, war and parliamentary politics (Akron, OH, 2002).

⁶ L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Oxford, 1992); Michael Fry, The Dundas despotism (Edinburgh, 1992); David Wilkinson, The duke of Portland: politics and party in the age of George III (Basingstoke, 2003).

⁷ Christopher Hibbert, Wellington: a personal history (London, 1997); Marianne Czisnik, Horatio Nelson: a controversial hero (London, 2005); Andrew Faber, Nelson: Britannia's god of war (London, 2005); Roger Knight, The pursuit of victory: the life and achievement of Horatio Nelson (London, 2005); John Sugden, Nelson: a dream of glory (London, 2004); Edgar Vincent, Nelson, love and fame (New Haven, 2005); Colin White, Nelson: the new letters (London, 2005).

⁸ Conor Cruise O'Brien, The great melody: a thematic biography and commented anthology of Edmund Burke (London, 1992).

⁹ F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke, i: 1730–1784 (Oxford, 1998).

¹⁰ Idem, Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (London, 1985), pp. 31, 29–30.

¹¹ Nicholas K. Robinson, Edmund Burke: a life in caricature (New Haven, 1996).

¹² Jack Fruchtman, Thomas Paine: apostle of freedom (New York, 1994); John Keane, Tom Paine: a political life (London, 1995); Trevor Griffiths, These are the times: a life of Thomas Paine (London, 2004); see also Gregory Claeys, Thomas Paine: social and political thought (London, 1989).

¹³ Dickinson, H. T., ‘Review article: Thomas Paine’, History, 81 (1996), pp. 228–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ Jenny Graham, Revolutionary in exile: the emigration of Joseph Priestley to America, 1794–1804 (Philadelphia, 1995); Robert E. Schofield, The enlightened Joseph Priestley: a study of his life and work from 1773 to 1804 (University Park, PA, 2004); Malcolm Dick, ed., Joseph Priestley and Birmingham (Studley, 2005).

¹⁵ Gary Kelly, Revolutionary feminism: the mind and career of Mary Wollstonecraft (Basingstoke, 1992); Janet Todd, Mary Wollstonecraft: a revolutionary life (London, 2000); Diane Jacobs, Her own woman: the life of Mary Wollstonecraft (London, 2001); Lyndal Gordon, Mary Wollstonecraft: a new genus (London, 2005).

¹⁶ Anne Stott, Hannah More: the first Victorian (Oxford, 2003).

¹⁷ Helen Braithwait, Romanticism, publishing and Dissent: Joseph Johnson and the cause of liberty (Basingstoke, 2003).

¹⁸ Christina Bewley and David Bewley, Gentleman radical: a life of John Horne Tooke, 1736–1812 (London, 1998).

¹⁹ For example, Peter Stanlis, Edmund Burke and the natural law (Ann Arbor, 1958).

²⁰ John Whale, ‘Introduction’, in Whale, ed., Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France: new interdisciplinary essays (Manchester, 2000), p. 12. Cf. Lock, Burke's Reflections, pp. 88, 98–9, and also the earlier work of Frank O'Gorman, Edmund Burke: his political philosophy (London, 1973).

²¹ J. C. D. Clark, ‘Introduction’, Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France: a critical edition (Stanford, CA, 2001).

²² Beales, Derek, ‘Edmund Burke and the monasteries of France’, Historical Journal, 48 (2005), pp. 415–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ Joseph L. Pappin III, ‘Edmund Burke and the Thomistic foundations of natural law’, in Ian Crowe, ed., An imaginative Whig: reassessing the life and thought of Edmund Burke (London, 2005), pp. 203–27, esp. p. 226.

²⁴ Lock, Burke's Reflections, p. 164; Clark, Edmund Burke: Reflections, pp. 53–68.

²⁵ Philp, Mark, ‘Vulgar conservatism, 1792–1793’, English Historical Review, 110 (1995), p. 43Google Scholar.

²⁶ Claeys, Gregory, ‘Republicanism versus commercial society: Paine, Burke and the French Revolution debate’, History of European Ideas, 11 (1989), p. 313CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kevin Gilmartin, ‘Burke, popular opinion, and the problem of a counter-revolutionary public sphere’, in Whale, ed., Burke's Reflections, pp. 94–5.

²⁷ H. T. Dickinson, ‘Popular conservatism and militant loyalism, 1789–1815’, in Dickinson, ed., Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815 (Basingstoke, 1989), pp. 103–27 at pp. 104–5; J. G. A. Pocock, ‘Introduction’, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis, 1987), p. xl.

²⁸ Mori, Jennifer, ‘Languages of loyalism: patriotism, nationhood and the state in the 1790s’, English Historical Review, 118 (2003), pp. 33–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁹ Gilmartin, ‘Burke, popular opinion, and the problem of a counter-revolutionary public sphere’, pp. 99, 104.

³⁰ Claeys, Gregory, ‘The French Revolution debate and British political thought’, History of Political Thought, 11 (1990), pp. 59–80Google Scholar.

³¹ Amanda Goodrich, Debating England's aristocracy in the 1790s: pamphlets, polemics and political ideas (Woodbridge and New York, 2005).

³² H. T. Dickinson, Liberty and property: political ideology in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 1977); idem, British radicalism and the French Revolution, 1789–1815 (London, 1985); idem, ‘Popular conservatism and militant loyalism’; idem, ‘Popular loyalism in Britain in the 1790s’, in Eckhart Hellmuth, ed., The transformation of political culture: England and Germany in the late eighteenth century (London, 1990), pp. 503–33; idem, ‘Britain and the ideological crusade against the French Revolution’, in L. Domergue and G. Lamoine, eds., Actes du Colloque international (Toulouse, 1992), pp. 153–74; idem, ‘The French Revolution and the counter revolution in Britain’, in Hans-Christophe Schröder and Hans-Dieter Metzger, eds., Aspekte der Französischen Revolution (Darmstadt, 1992), pp. 231–63; and idem, The politics of the people in eighteenth-century Britain (Basingstoke, 1995), ch. 8.

³³ For instance, Dickinson, ‘Popular conservatism and militant loyalism’, p. 124.

³⁴ Ibid., p. 104.

³⁵ Ian R. Christie, Stress and stability in late eighteenth-century Britain: reflections on the British avoidance of revolution (Oxford, 1984); see also Christie, ‘Conservatism and stability in British society’, in Mark Philp, ed., The French Revolution and British popular politics (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 169–87; Thomas Philip Schofield, ‘English conservative thought and opinion in response to the French Revolution’ (Ph.D. thesis, London, 1984); idem, ‘Conservative political thought in Britain in response to the French Revolution’, Historical Journal, 29 (1986), pp. 601–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J. C. D. Clark, English society, 1688–1832 (Cambridge, 1985).

³⁶ John Dinwiddy, ‘Interpretations of anti-Jacobinism’, in Philp, ed., French Revolution and British popular politics, p. 38.

³⁷ Marilyn Morris, The British monarchy and the French Revolution (London, 1998).

³⁸ Stella M. Ní Ghallchóir Cottrell, ‘English views of France and the French, 1789–1815’ (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1991); idem, ‘The devil on two sticks: franco-phobia in 1803’, in Raphael Samuel, ed., Patriotism: the making and unmaking of British national identity, i: History and politics (London, 1991), pp. 259–74.

³⁹ Dinwiddy, ‘Interpretations of anti-Jacobinism’, pp. 45–6, 48–9.

⁴⁰ See particularly J. G. A. Pocock, The ancient constitution and the feudal law (Cambridge, 1970); idem, The Machiavellian moment (Princeton, 1975); idem, Virtue, commerce and history (Cambridge, 1985).

⁴¹ See Isaac Kramnick, Republicanism and bourgeois radicalism: political ideology in late eighteenth-century England and America (Ithaca, NY, 1990); and Dickinson, Politics of the people, p. 179.

⁴² Philp, Mark, ‘English republicanism in the 1790s’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 6 (1998), pp. 235–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rachel Hammersley, French revolutionaries and English republicans: the Cordeliers Club, 1790–1794 (Woodbridge, 2005).

⁴³ Claeys, Thomas Paine; idem, The politics of English Jacobinism: writings of John Thelwall (University Park, PA, 1995); Michael Scrivener, Seditious allegories: John Thelwall and Jacobin writing (University Park, PA, 2001).

⁴⁴ For Pocock, see n. 40, and also idem, ‘The political economy of Burke's analysis of the French Revolution’, Historical Journal, 25 (1982), pp. 331–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Donald N. Winch, ‘Commercial realities, republican principles’, in Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner, eds., Republicanism: a shared European heritage, ii: The values of republicanism in early modern Europe (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 293–310; idem, Riches and poverty: an intellectual history of political economy in Britain, 1750–1834 (Cambridge, 1996).

⁴⁵ Jon Mee and Mark Crosby, ‘“This soldierlike danger”: the trial of William Blake for sedition’, in Mark Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon: the British response to the threat of invasion, 1797–1815 (Aldershot, 2006), p. 122. See also Jon Mee, Dangerous enthusiasm: William Blake and the culture of enthusiasm in the 1790s (Oxford, 1992).

⁴⁶ Philip Harling, ‘A tale of two conflicts: critiques of the British war effort, 1793–1815’, in Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon, pp. 36–7.

⁴⁷ Ibid., pp. 30–1.

⁴⁸ Simon Burrows, ‘Britain and the black legend: the genesis of the anti-Napoleonic myth’, in Philip, ed., Resisting Napoleon, pp. 141–57.

⁴⁹ Philp, ‘Vulgar conservatism’, pp. 42–69; Gilmartin, Kevin, ‘In the theater of counterrevolution: Loyalist Association and conservative opinion in the 1790s’, Journal of British Studies, 41 (2002), pp. 291–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁰ Gilmartin, ‘In the theater of counterrevolution’, p. 296; see also Mark Philp, ‘Introduction’, in Philp, ed., French Revolution and British popular politics, p. 16.

⁵¹ See n. 27.

⁵² Booth, Alan, ‘English popular loyalism and the French Revolution’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, 54 (1989), p. 27Google Scholar.

⁵³ Dickinson, Politics of the people, p. 286.

⁵⁴ David Eastwood, ‘Patriotism and the English state in the 1790s’, in Philp, ed., French Revolution and British popular politics, esp. p. 150. For an earlier recognition of this problem, see Robert R. Dozier, For king, constitution and country: the English loyalists and the French Revolution (Lexington, 1983), pp. 54–5.

⁵⁵ Wykes, David L., ‘“The spirit of persecutors exemplified”: the Priestley riots and the victims of the church and king mobs’, Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 20 (1991–2), pp. 17–39Google Scholar. See also idem, ‘“A finished monster of the true Birmingham breed”: Birmingham, Unitarians and the 1791 Priestley riots’, in Alan P. F. Sell, ed., Protestant nonconformists and the West Midlands of England: papers presented at the first conference of the Association of Denominational Historical Societies and Cognate Libraries (Keele, 1996), pp. 43–69; and Ditchfield, G. M., ‘Priestley riots in historical perspective’, Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 20 (1991–2), pp. 3–16Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Duffy, Michael, ‘William Pitt and the origins of the Loyalist Association Movement of 1792’, Historical Journal, 39 (1996), pp. 943–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁷ Philp, ‘Vulgar conservatism’, pp. 42–69; Gilmartin, ‘In the theater of counterrevolution’, p. 295.

⁵⁸ Gilmartin, ‘In the theater of counterrevolution’, p. 328. The reference is to William Paley, Reasons for contentment: addressed to the labouring part of the British public (Carlisle, 1792).

⁵⁹ Austin Gee, The British Volunteer movement, 1794–1814 (Oxford, 2003).

⁶⁰ See Emma Vincent Macleod, A war of ideas: British attitudes to the war against revolutionary France, 1792–1802 (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 187–95.

⁶¹ Western, J. R., ‘The Volunteer movement as an anti-revolutionary force, 1793–1801’, English Historical Review, 71 (1956), pp. 603–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dozier, For king, constitution and country, pp. 138–9, 154; Dickinson, Politics of the people, p. 282; see also Macleod, A war of ideas, pp. 70–2.

⁶² Eastwood, ‘Patriotism and the English state’, pp. 158–61; J. E. Cookson, The British armed nation, 1793–1815 (Oxford, 1997), ch. 3.

⁶³ Eastwood, ‘Patriotism and the English state’, p. 159.

⁶⁴ Cookson, British armed nation, pp. 73ff, 237ff; cf. Linda Colley, Britons: forging the nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, CT, 1992), pp. 302, 305–8.

⁶⁵ Cookson, J. E., ‘The English Volunteer movement of the French revolutionary wars, 1793–1815: some contexts’, Historical Journal, 32 (1989), pp. 867–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Colley, Britons, pp. 301–2; Paul Langford, Public life and the propertied Englishman (Oxford, 1991).

⁶⁶ Gee, British Volunteer movement, quotation from p. 264.

⁶⁷ Nicholas Rogers, ‘The sea Fencibles, loyalism and the reach of the state’, in Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon, pp. 41–59; Katrina Navickas, ‘The defence of Manchester and Liverpool in 1803: conflicts of loyalism, patriotism and the middle classes’, in Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon, pp. 61–71.

⁶⁸ Clive Emsley, British society and the French wars, 1793–1815 (London, 1979), p. 102.

⁶⁹ On the other hand, see Mackillop, Andrew, ‘The political culture of the Scottish Highlands from Culloden to Waterloo’, Historical Journal, 46 (2003), pp. 511–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar, in which he argues, across a broader chronological period, that the Highland elites worked in a relationship of mutual accommodation with the state's fiscal and military aims.

⁷⁰ For a bibliographic overview of radicalism in the 1790s generally, see Davis, Michael T., ‘Le radicalisme anglais et la Révolution française’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 342 (2005), pp. 73–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷¹ John Stevenson, Artisans and democrats: Sheffield and the French Revolution, 1789–1797 (Sheffield, 1989); Donnelly, F. K., ‘The foundation of the Sheffield Society for Constitutional Information’, Labour History Review, 56 (1991), pp. 51–3Google Scholar.

⁷² Jenny Graham, The nation, the law and the king: reform politics in England, 1789–1799 (2 vols., Oxford, 2000).

⁷³ Jeremy Black, The English press in the eighteenth century (London, 1987); idem, The English press, 1621–1861 (Stroud, 2001); Bob Harris, Politics and the rise of the press: Britain and France, 1620–1800 (London, 1996); Hannah Barker, Newspapers, politics and public opinion in late eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1998); Stuart Andrews, The British periodical press and the French Revolution, 1789–1799 (Basingstoke, 2000).

⁷⁴ Hannah Barker, Newspapers, politics and English society, 1695–1855 (Harlow, 2000), p. 176.

⁷⁵ Harris, Bob, ‘Scotland's newspapers, the French Revolution and domestic radicalism (c. 1789–1794)’, Scottish Historical Review, 84 (2005), pp. 38–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘Print and politics’, in Bob Harris, ed., Scotland in the age of the French Revolution (Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 164–95. See, too, John Dwyer, ‘The Caledonian Mercury and Scottish national culture, 1763–1801’, in Karl Schweizer and Jeremy Black, eds., Politics and the press in Hanoverian Britain (Lewiston, NY, 1989), pp. 147–69.

⁷⁶ Michael Scrivener, ed., Poetry and reform: periodical verse from the English democratic press, 1792–1824 (Detroit, 1992); John Barrell, ed., Exhibition extraordinary!! Radical broadsides of the mid 1790s (Nottingham, 2001); A. V. Beedell and A. D. Harvey, eds., The prison diary of John Horne Tooke (Leeds, 1995); Michael T. Davis, Iain McCalman, and Christina Parolin, eds., Newgate in revolution: an anthology of radical prison literature in the age of revolution (London, 2005); Robert Rix, ed., ‘A political dictionary explaining the true meaning of words’ by Charles Pigott (Aldershot, 2004).

⁷⁷ Kevin Gilmartin, Print politics: the press and radical opposition in early nineteenth-century England (Cambridge, 1996).

⁷⁸ Edward Larkin, Thomas Paine and the literature of revolution (Cambridge, 2005).

⁷⁹ Mary Dorothy George, ed., Catalogue of political and personal satires preserved in the department of prints and drawings in the British Museum (7 vols., London, 1935–54); idem, ‘Pictorial propaganda, 1793–1815: Gillray and Canning’, History, 31 (1946), pp. 9–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘America in English satirical prints’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 10 (1953), pp. 511–37; idem, English political caricature (2 vols., London, 1959). The Chadwyck-Healey volumes relevant to this discussion are Michael Duffy, The Englishman and the foreigner (Cambridge, 1986); H. T. Dickinson, Caricatures and the constitution (Cambridge, 1986). See also Herbert M. Atherton, ‘The British defend their constitution in political cartoons and literature’, in Harry C. Payne, ed., Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, 11 (1982), pp. 3–31.

⁸⁰ Robert L. Patten, George Cruikshank's life, times and art (2 vols., London, 1992, 1996); David Alexander, Richard Newton and English caricature in the 1790s (Manchester, 1998); Richard Godfrey, James Gillray and the art of caricature (London, 2001); Robinson, Edmund Burke: a life in caricature; Vincent Carretta, George III and the satirists from Hogarth to Byron (London, 1990).

⁸¹ Tamara L. Hunt, Defining John Bull: political caricature and national identity in late Georgian England (Aldershot, 2003).

⁸² Diana Donald, The age of caricature: satirical prints in the age of George III (London, 1996), pp. 147–57; David Bindman, ‘Introduction’, in David Bindman with Aileen Dawson and Mark Jones, eds., The shadow of the guillotine: Britain and the French Revolution (London, 1989), pp. 33–4.

⁸³ Alexandra Franklin and Mark Philp, Napoleon and the invasion of Britain (Oxford, 2003). See also Franklin, ‘John Bull in a dream: fear and fantasy in the visual satires of 1803’ in Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon, pp. 125–39.

⁸⁴ Nicholson, Eirwen C., ‘Consumers and spectators: the public of the political print in eighteenth-century England’, History, 81 (1996), pp. 5–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁵ Timothy Clayton, The English print, 1688–1802 (New Haven, CT, 1997), p. 232.

⁸⁶ Holger Hoock, ‘“The cheap defence of nations”: monuments and propaganda’, in Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon, pp. 159–71.

⁸⁷ Mark Philp, Roz Southey, Caroline Jackson-Houlston, and Susan Wollenberg, ‘Music and politics, 1793–1815’, in Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon, pp. 173, 175.

⁸⁸ Davis, Michael T., ‘“An evening of pleasure rather than business”: songs, subversion and radical sub-culture in the 1790s’, Journal for the Study of British Cultures, 12 (2005), pp. 115–26Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Eileen Groth Lyon, Politicians in the pulpit: Christian radicalism in Britain from the fall of the Bastille to the disintegration of Chartism (Aldershot, 1999); Stuart Andrews, Unitarian radicalism: political rhetoric, 1770–1814 (Basingstoke, 2003); Robert Hole, Pulpits, politics and public order in England, 1760–1832 (Cambridge, 1989); idem, ‘English sermons and tracts as media of debate on the French Revolution, 1789–1799’, in Philp, ed., French Revolution and British popular politics, pp. 18–37.

⁹⁰ Vincent, Emma, ‘The responses of Scottish churchmen to the French Revolution, 1789–1802’, Scottish Historical Review, 73 (1994), p. 205CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Macleod, A war of ideas, ch. 6.

⁹¹ Davis, ‘Le radicalisme anglais et la Révolution française’, p. 92.

⁹² Iain McCalman, Radical underworld: prophets, revolutionaries and pornographers in London, 1795–1840 (Cambridge, 1988).

⁹³ David Worrall, Radical culture: discourse, resistance and surveillance, 1790–1820 (Hemel Hempstead, 1992); John Barrell, The spirit of despotism: invasions of privacy in the 1790s (Oxford, 2006).

⁹⁴ Chris Evans, Debating the Revolution: Britain in the 1790s (London, 2006).

⁹⁵ John Barrell, Imagining the king's death: figurative treason, fantasies of regicide, 1793–1796 (Oxford, 2000). See also Alan Wharam, The treason trials of 1794 (Leicester, 1992); and Michael T. Davis's forthcoming book on the Scottish political martyrs of the 1790s, to be published by Palgrave.

⁹⁶ James Epstein, ‘“Our real constitution”: trial defence and radical memory in the age of revolution’, in James Vernon, ed., Re-reading the constitution: new narratives in the political history of England's long nineteenth century (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 22–51.

⁹⁷ Mark Philp, ‘The fragmented ideology of reform’, in Philp, ed., French Revolution and British popular politics, p. 70.

⁹⁸ A contemporary, Foxite charge conclusively laid to rest by Clive Emsley in the early 1980s in two articles: ‘An aspect of Pitt's Terror: prosecutions for sedition during the 1790s’, Social History, 6 (1981), pp. 155–84; idem, ‘Repression, “terror” and the rule of law in England during the decade of the French Revolution’, English Historical Review, 100 (1985), pp. 801–25Google Scholar. See also Mori, Jennifer, ‘Responses to revolution: the November crisis of 1792’, Historical Research, 69 (1996), pp. 284–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁹ Mark Philp, ‘Introduction’, in Philp, ed., French Revolution and British popular politics, p. 13.

¹⁰⁰ Edward Royle, Revolutionary Britannia? Reflections on the threat of revolution in Britain, 1789–1848 (Manchester, 2000), p. 10; Graham, The nation, the law and the king.

¹⁰¹ Christie, ‘Conservatism and stability in British society’; cf. Christie, Stress and stability.

¹⁰² Roger Wells, ‘English society and revolutionary politics in the 1790s: the case for insurrection’, in Philp, ed., French Revolution and British popular politics, pp. 188–226; cf. Roger Wells, Wretched faces: famine in wartime England, 1793–1801 (Gloucester, 1988); and idem, Insurrection: the British experience, 1798–1803 (Gloucester, 1983).

¹⁰³ Nicholas Rogers, Crowds, culture and politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford, 1998); Steve Poole, The politics of regicide in England, 1760–1850 (Manchester, 2000); Frank Prochaska, The republic of Britain, 1760–2000 (London, 2000); Anthony Taylor, ‘Down with the crown’: British anti-monarchism and debates about royalty since 1790 (London, 1999); McCalman, Radical underworld.

¹⁰⁴ N. A. M. Rodger, The command of the ocean: a naval history of Britain, 1649–1815 (New York, 2005), ch. 29.

¹⁰⁵ Eastwood, ‘Patriotism and the English state’, pp. 162–5.

¹⁰⁶ See Macleod, A war of ideas, ch. 8.

¹⁰⁷ Hampsher-Monk, Iain, ‘Edmund Burke's changing justification for intervention’, Historical Journal, 48 (2005), pp. 65–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tom Furniss, ‘Cementing the nation: Burke's Reflections on nationalism and national identity’, in Whale, ed., Burke's Reflections, pp. 115–44.

¹⁰⁸ Colley, Britons; for discussion see, for instance, A. Grant and K. J. Stringer, eds., Uniting the kingdom? The making of British history (London, 1995); Alexander Murdoch, British history, 1660–1832: national identity and local culture (Basingstoke, 1998); Koditschek, Theodore, ‘The making of British nationality’, Victorian Studies, 44 (2002), pp. 389–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Terry Brotherstone, Anna Clark, and Kevin Whelan, eds., These fissured isles: Ireland, Scotland and British history, 1798–1848 (Edinburgh, 2005).

¹⁰⁹ Semmel, Napoleon and the British, p. 16.

¹¹⁰ S. J. Connolly, ‘Varieties of Britishness: Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Hanoverian state’, in Grant and Stringer, eds., Uniting the kingdom?, pp. 193–207; Brotherstone, Clark, and Whelan, eds., These fissured isles.

¹¹¹ Clark, J. C. D., ‘Protestantism, nationalism, and national identity, 1660–1832’, Historical Journal, 43 (2000), pp. 249–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹³ Cookson, British armed nation; Gee, British Volunteer movement.

¹¹⁴ John Brims, ‘The Scottish democratic movement in the age of the French Revolution’ (Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh, 1983), which has some interesting material on conservatives as well; idem, ‘The Scottish “Jacobins”, Scottish nationalism and the British union’, in Roger A. Mason, ed., Scotland and England, 1286–1815 (Edinburgh, 1987), pp. 247–65; idem, ‘The Covenanting tradition and Scottish radicalism in the 1790s’, in Terry A. Brotherstone, ed., Covenant, Charter and party. Traditions of revolt and protest in modern Scottish history (Aberdeen, 1989), pp. 50–62; idem, ‘From reformers to Jacobins: the Scottish Association of the Friends of the People’, in T. M. Devine, ed., Conflict and stability in Scottish society, 1700–1850 (Edinburgh, 1990), pp. 31–50; idem, ‘Scottish radicalism and the United Irishmen’, in David Dickson, Dáire Keogh, and Kevin Whelan, eds., The United Irishmen: republicanism, radicalism and rebellion (Dublin, 1993). See also Elaine W. McFarland, Ireland and Scotland in the age of revolution: planting the green bough (Edinburgh, 1994).

¹¹⁵ David J. Brown, ‘Henry Dundas and the government of Scotland’ (Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh, 1989); idem, ‘The government of Scotland under Henry Dundas and William Pitt’, History, 83 (1998), pp. 265–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘The government response to Scottish radicalism, 1792–1802’, in Harris, ed., Scotland in the age of the French Revolution, pp. 99–124; Fry, The Dundas despotism; Atle Libaek Wold, ‘The Scottish government and the French threat, 1792–1802’ (Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh, 2003); idem, ‘Scottish attitudes to military mobilisation and war in the 1790s’, in Harris, ed., Scotland in the age of the French Revolution, pp. 140–63.

¹¹⁶ Andrew Mackillop, ‘More fruitful than the soil’: army, empire and the Scottish Highlands, 1715–1815 (East Linton, 2000), ch. 7; Macleod, Emma Vincent, ‘A city invincible? Edinburgh and the war against revolutionary France’, British Journal of Eighteenth-Century Studies, 23 (2000), pp. 153–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Harris, ed., Scotland in the age of the French Revolution, p. 17.

¹¹⁸ Marianne Elliott, Partners in revolution: the United Irishmen and France (London, 1982); idem, Wolfe Tone: prophet of Irish independence (London, 1989).

¹¹⁹ Thomas Bartlett, The fall and rise of the Irish nation: the Catholic question, 1690–1830 (Dublin, 1992); T. W. Moody and W. E. Vaughan, eds., A new history of Ireland, iv: Eighteenth-century Ireland, 1691–1800 (Oxford, 1986); W. E. Vaughan, A new history of Ireland, v: Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–1870 (Oxford, 1989).

¹²⁰ Nancy J. Curtin, The United Irishmen: popular politics in Ulster and Dublin, 1791–1798 (Oxford, 1994); Stephen Small, Political thought in Ireland, 1776–1798: republicanism, patriotism and radicalism (Oxford, 2002); Stella Tillyard, Citizen lord: Edward Fitzgerald, 1763–1798 (London, 1997); Dickson, Keogh, and Whelan, eds., The United Irishmen.

¹²¹ Thomas Bartlett, David Dickson, Dáire Keogh and Kevin Whelan, 1798: a bicentenary perspective (Dublin, 2003).

¹²² Jim Smyth, The men of no property: Irish radicals and popular politics in the late eighteenth century (Basingstoke, 1992); Kevin Whelan, The tree of liberty: radicalism, Catholicism and the construction of Irish identity, 1760–1830 (Cork, 1996); Dáire Keogh, ‘The French disease’: the Catholic church and radicalism in Ireland, 1790–1800 (Dublin, 1993).

¹²³ Dáire Keogh and Nicholas Furlong, eds., The mighty wave: the 1798 rebellion in Wexford (Dublin, 1996); Daniel Gahan, The people's rising: Wexford, 1798 (Dublin, 1995); A. T. Q. Stewart, The summer soldiers: the 1798 rebellion in Antrim and Down (Belfast, 1995).

¹²⁴ McFarland, Ireland and Scotland in the age of revolution.

¹²⁵ Philp, Mark, ‘The role of America in the “debate on France” 1791–1795: Thomas Paine's insertion’, Utilitas, 5 (1993), pp. 221–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Goodrich, Debating England's aristocracy, passim.

¹²⁶ J. C. D. Clark, ‘Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in America (1777); or, how did the American Revolution relate to the French?’, in Crowe, ed., An imaginative Whig, pp. 71–92.

¹²⁷ Stephen Conway, The war of American Independence, 1775–1783 (London, 1995), ch. 2.