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The Army, Politics and Public Order in Directorial Provence, 1795–1800*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Jonathan D. Devlin
Jonathan D. Devlin
Affiliation:
Bradford Grammar School
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Extract

Under the French Directory the line army was called into many parts of France to protect law and order and to shore up the regime. The authors of regional studies in the period have alluded to military presence but have failed to draw general inferences about the importance of military policing. The political ambitions of commanders-in-chief of fighting armies after the fall of Robespierre and the nature and history of operations have long been the subject of historical research, but no-one has yet investigated the nature of relations between civil and military authorities in any part of the interior that was not a war zone. The line army had been used in a policing role during the old regime and the early years of the revolution, but the advent of war in 1792 removed it to the frontiers. This suited revolutionary governments which were uncertain of its loyalty and uneasy about the reduction of discipline. In 1793 and 1794 revolutionary order was imposed instead by an increasingly centralized network of civilian elites and militias – revolutionary armies, committees, tribunals and representatives on mission – which operated by means of intimidation and civic denunciation. The dismantling of this apparatus of Terror in the year III (late 1794/5) in favour of a liberal constitution which breathed new life into the elective institutions of local government unleashed an anarchy of frustrated aspirations and hatreds born out of the turbulence of the revolutionary experience. Individuals and factions vied for control of local judicial and executive positions in order to make up revolutionary losses and to keep out their enemies.

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Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , March 1989 , pp. 87 - 106
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

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References

1 For example Clémendot, P., Le départment de la Meurthe à l'époque du Directoire (Raon l'étape, 1966)Google Scholar; Reinhard, M., Le département de la Sarthe sous le régime directorial (St Brieuc, 1935)Google Scholar; Suratteau, J.-R., Le département du Mont-Terrible sous le régime du Directoire, 1795–1800 (Paris, 1964)Google Scholar.

2 Probably because references to military policing are widely dispersed through the documents of each and every authority, agency and ministry with which troops had dealings. The army of the coasts of the ocean/west, studied by Ch.- Chassin, L. (Les pacifications de Fouest, 1794–1801 (3 vols., Paris, 1896–1899))Google Scholar has its own corpus of documents in the Archives de la Guerre at Vincennes, but it was involved in a civil war. The handful of articles on episodes in the careers of particular officers in the interior are old and based on very limited material (for example Ch.- Chassin, L., ‘La trahison du général Willot’, Révolution française, XXXII (1897), 403–14Google Scholar, and Gaffarel, P., ‘Le gouvernement du général Willot à Marseille, mars 1796 à mars 1797’, Révolution française, LXV (1913), 133–66)Google Scholar.

3 Scott, S., The response of the royal army to the French revelution: the role and development of the line army, 1789–1793 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 124–51, 168Google Scholar. Scott is the only historian to have published work on the policing role of the army in the pre-Terror period. See also his ‘Problems of law and order during 1790, the “peaceful” year of the French revolution’, American Historical Review, LXXX (1975), 859–88Google Scholar.

4 Sutherland, D. M. G., France 1789–1815: revolution and counterrevolution (London, 1985), pp. 279–92Google Scholar, 300–7; Cobb, R., The police and the people: French popular protest, 1789–1820 (Oxford, 1970). PP. 93–104Google Scholar. 131–50.

5 Bertaud, J.-P., La révolution armée: les soldats-citoyens et la révolution française (Paris, 1979), pp. 65–71Google Scholar; Moniteur universal, 15 Vendémiaire III (6 Oct. 1794), and 10 and 18 Germinal III (30 Mar. and 7 Apr. 1795).

6 For disorder in the south see G. Lewis, ‘Political brigandage and popular disaffection in the south-east of France, 1795–1804’, and Lucas, C., ‘Themes in southern violence after 9 thermidor’, in Lewis, G. and Lucas, C. (eds.), Beyond the Terror: essays in French regional and social history, 1794–1815 (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 195–231, 152–94Google Scholar.

7 In practice the two alpine departments were provisionally detached and placed under the control of the armies of Italy and the Alps for much of the period (directorial arrêtés of 29 Vendémiaire V (20 Oct. 1796), 10 Brumaire VI (31 Oct. 1797), and 6 Thermidor VI (24 July 1798)).

8 Minister of war to commanders of military divisions, 5 Messidor IX (24 June 1801), Vincennes, Archives de la Guerre (A.G.). B12 43*.

9 Constitution of the year III (1795), articles 275, 292.

10 Law of 3 Aug. 1791, article 21; Directorial arrêté of 13 Floréal VII (2 May 1799), section V.

11 Law of 3 Aug. 1791, articles 22, 41; law of 10 July 1791, section III, article 17.

12 For numerous examples see A.G., K1 55–7, and Paris, Archives nationales (A.N.), 220 AP2–4.

13 Report on fêtes of 23 Thermidor IV (10 Aug. 1796) and I Vendémiaire V (22 Sept. 1796) at Toulon, A.N., F7 7197.

14 Minister of war to all civil and military authorities, 25 Germinal IV (14 Apr. 1796), A.N., AF111 151b.

15 For routine operations of the place see A.G., K1 55–7.

16 Commissaire central of department to division commander (no date), Draguignan, Archives dipartementales du Var (A.D.V.), L 167*; constitution of year III, article 292.

17 Minister of war to minister of justice, I Thermidor VIII (20 July 1800), A.N., BB18 893b; procès verbal of captain of 3rd cavalry regiment, 22 Germinal VIII (12 Apr. 1800), A.N., BB18 187.

18 Commissaire of court of 1st instance and directeur du jury of 1st arrondissement of Var to minister of justice, 6 Messidor VI (24 June 1798), A.N., BB18 881.

19 Paulus to central administration, Thermidor VII (July/Aug, 1799), Avignon, Archives déparlementales de Vaucluse (A.D.Ve), L 220; procès verbal of N. Rousseau, 5 Ventôse IV (24 Feb. 1796), A.D.Ve. L 224.

20 Commissaire cèntral of Var to minister of police, 22 Messidor VI (to July 1798), A.N., F7 7455; municipality of L'Isle to central administration, 7 Prairial VII (26 May 1799), A.D.Ve, L 220.

21 François de Nantes to first consul, 16 Messidor IX (5 July 1801), A.N., AF1V 1016; diary of Gareau, 26 Messidor and 10 Thermidor VIII (14 Aug. and 10 July 1800), A.N., F7 36595.

22 Sketch of Marseilles, Messidor VIII (July/Aug. 1800), A.N., AF1V 1016.

23 Commander of Marseille to commissaire of correctional court, 27 Vendémiaire VIII (19 Oct. 1799), A.N., BB18 187.

24 Commissaire central to minister of police, 25 Brumaire VIII (16 Nov. 1799), Marseilles, Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône (A.D.B), L 249*; procès verbal of detachment of 83rd demibrigade, 9 Germinal IV (29 Mar. 1796), A.N., BB18 176.

25 Commissaire of court of 1st instance of 1st arrondissement of Var to minister of justice, 14 and 25 Frimaire IX (5 and 16 Dec. 1800), A.N., BB18 882.

26 Procès verbal of grenadier, 8 Floréal VIII (28 Apr. 1800), A.D.V., L 283; procès verbal of detachment of 83rd demi-brigade, 9 Germinal IV (29 Mar. 1796), A.N., BB18 176; Pinoncely to public prosecutor of criminal court of Basses-Alpes, 7 Germinal VIII (28 Mar. 1800), A.N., BB18 109.

27 Prefect of Var to minister of interior, 16 Fructidor IX (3 Sept. 1801), A.N., F7 36932; arrêté of division commander and commissaire central of Bouches-du — Rhône, 15 Pluviôse VII (3 Feb. 1799), A.N., BB18 184.

28 Arrêté of central administration of Vaucluse, 23 Brumaire VI (13 Nov. 1797), A.N., F7 3694; central administration to central administrations of Gard, Drôme, and Ardèche, 12 Messidor VII (30 June 1799), A.D.Ve, L 172*.

29 Quantin to minister of war, 12 Fructidor VI (29 Aug. 1798), A.N., 209 AP1.

30 Prefect of Var to minister of interior, 16 Fructidor IX (3 Sept. 1801), A.N., F7 36932.

31 Commissaire central to St Hilaire, 12 Pluviôse VII (31 Jan. 1799), A.D.V., L 173*; commissaire central to minister of interior, 15 Pluviôse VII (3 Feb. 1799), A.N., F7 3693.

32 Arrêté of central administration, 24 Fructidor VII (10 Sept, 1799), A.D.B., L 95*.

33 Quantin to St Hilaire, Lecourt-Villière and commander of Aubagne, 9 Vendémiaire VII (30 Sept. 1798), A.N., 209 AP1.

34 Mouton to prefect of Var, 19 Thermidor VIII (7 Aug. 1800), A.N., F7 3693.

35 François de Nantes to first consul, 16 Messidor IX (5 July 1801), A.N., AF1V 1016; prefect of Var to minister of interior, 8 Messidor IX (27 June 1801), A.N. F7 36932.

36 Report to minister of war, I Messidor VIII (20 June 1800), A.G., GB 2712/2; consular arrêté of 29 Frimaire IX (20 Dec. 1800).

37 For detailed information on brigandage, years IX–XI, see A.N., F7 36932; Agulhon, M., La vie sociale en Provence intérieure au lendemain de la révolution (Paris, 1970), p. 396CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Willot to Directory, 3 Brumaire V (24 Oct. 1796), A.N., 220 AP2.

39 Willot to minister of police, 5 Frimaire V (25 Nov. 1796), A.N., 220 AP3.

40 Arrêté of central administration of Bouches-du-Rhône, 4 Thermidor IV (22 July 1796), A.N., F7 4268.

41 Willot to minister of police, 2 Messidor V (20 June 1797), A.N., F7 7233.

42 Record of troop movements, years II–XI, A.G., B13 238*–240*.

43 For numerous letters on this theme see A.N., 220 AP 23.

44 Willot to minister of war, 8 Vendémiaire V (29 Sept. 1796), A.N., 220 AP3; list of troops in 8th division (no date), A.D.B., L 459.

45 Republicans of Avignon to minister of justice, 14 Vendémiaire VI (5 Oct. 1797), A.N., BB18 888b.

46 Willot to cantonal commissaire of Toulon, 13 Nivôse V (2 Jan. 1797), A.N., 220 AP3.

47 Willot to minister of police, 4 Germina IV (24 Mar. 1797), A.N., F7 7241.

48 Arrêté of central administration, 22 Vendémiaire VIII (14 Oct. 1799), A.D.B., L 95*.

49 Willot to minister of war, 22 Fructidor I V (8 Sept. 1796), A.N., 220 AP2.

50 Willot to central administration, 28 Nivô V (17 Jan. 1797), A.D.B., L 136*.

51 Lucotte to Dugua, 17Germinal VI (6 Apr. 1798), A.D.B., L 136*; report by legislative body (no date), A.N., AFIV 1186.

52 Procès verbal of municipality of Orgon, 17 Vendèmiaire V (8 Oct. 1796), A.D.B., L 446; Willot to minister of war, 14 Vendémiaire V (5 Oct. 1796), A.N., 220 AP3; Spital to Soulérac, 8 Thermidor VII (26 July 1799), A.D.Ve, L 342.

53 Municipality of Antibes to minister of interior (no date), A.N., F7 7129; Eymenier to Tisson, 30 Thermidor V (17 Aug. 1797), A.D.Ve, L 224.

54 Report of Pascalis, 24 Brumairc VIII (15 Nov. 1799), Aix-en-Provence, Bibliothèqtu Méjanes (B.M.), MS 1618 (1483); Chancel to central administration (no date), A.D.Ve, L 342.

55 Central administration to minister of war, 23 Frimaire V (13 Dec. 1796), A.D.Ve, L 168*.

56 Police report, 16–22 Nivose VIII (6–12 Jan. 1800), A.N., F7 3693.

57 Soulérac to commander of mobile column, 6 Messidor VII (24 June 1799), A.D.Ve, L 342.

58 Commander of Marseilles to municipality of Marseilles, 14 Pluviôse IV (3 Feb. 1796), A.G., K1 57; list of missing items, 4 Brumaire VI (25 Oct. 1797), Archives communales d' Avignon (A.C.A.), 2 H 32.

59 Mazzachetti to Pascalis, 4 Thermidor VII (22 July 1799), B.M., MS 1617 (1482); Leclerc to commissaire ordonnateur (no date), A.G., K1 57.

60 François de Nantes to first consul, 16 Messidor IX (5 July 1801), A.N., AF1V 1016.

61 Ibid. sketch of Marseilles; notice to inhabitants, 14 Ventôse IV (4 Mar. 1796), A.G., K156.

62 Cadet to minister of police (no date), A.N., F7 71552; commissain of criminal court of Bouches-du-Rhône to minister of justice, 8 Thermidor VII (26 July 1799), A.N., BB18 185.

63 Summaries of judgements of first council of war, A.D.B., 2 R 464*–469*.

64 Huavel to minister of justice (no date), A.N., BB18 177.

65 Sketch of Marseilles, A.N., AFIV 1016.

66 Procès verbaux of Darthès, Boutinot and Berton, Fructidor IV (Aug./Sept. 1796), A.N., F77155*; Liégard to central administration of Bouches-du-Rhône, 4 Fructidor V (21 Aug. 1797), A.N., F7 4268.

67 Commissaire central of Vaucluse to minister of interior (no date), A.N., F7 3694.

68 Prefect of Bouches-du-Rhône to minister of interior, 21–25 Fructidor VIII (8–12 Sept. 1800), A.N., F9 163.

69 Willot to minister of war, 14 Fructidor IV (31 Aug. 1796), A.N., 220 AP2.

70 Merle to central administration (no date), A.D.V., L 282; municipal agent of Visan to minister of interior, 6 Brumaire VIII (28 Oct. 1799), A.N., F7 36942.

71 Bertaud, , La révolution armeé, pp. 277–8, 284–92, 305, 322–8, 339Google Scholar.

72 Procès verbaux of 55 citizens, 8 Floréal V (27 Apr. 1797), A.N., BB18 880; procès verbal of cantonal commissaire of Tarascon, 26 Germinal V (15 Apr. 1797), A.N., BB18 178; sketch of Marseilles, A.N., AFIV 1016.

73 Gouvion to Fréron, 25 Pluviôse IV (14 Feb. 1796), A.N., F7 7125.

74 Report on levies of réquisitionnaires and conscripts, 5 Brumaire IX (27 Oct. 1800), A.N., AFIV 1121.

75 Proclamation of St Hilaire, 24 Frimaire VIII (15 Dec. 1799), B.M., MS 1618 (1483).

76 Sketch of Marseilles, A.N., AFIV 1016.

77 Laws of 16 Feb. 1791 and 18 Germinal VI (5 Apr. 1798); Willot to minister of war, 20 Nivôse V (9 Jan. 1797), A.N., 220 AP2.

78 Commissaire central to minister of war, 2 jour complémentaire VI (18 Sept. 1798), A.D.V., L 168*.

79 Procès verbaux of domiciliary visits, A.N., F7 74622.

80 Inspector-general of gendarmerie to first consul (no date), A.N., AFIV 1154.

81 St Hilaire to minister of war (no date), A.N., BB18 893b.

82 Directorial arrêté of 13 Floréal VII (2 May 1799), sections, I, III, V, VI.

83 Pille to central administration, 17 Ventôse VI (7 Mar. 1798), A.D.B., L 424.

84 Arrêté of central administration of Vaucluse, 10 Frimaire VI (30 Nov. 1797), A.C.A., 2 H 32.

85 Directorial arrêté of 17 Floréal IV (6 May 1796); Grillon to minister of police, 7 Nivôse VI (27 Dec. 1797), A.N., F7 7347.

86 Willot to minister of war, 4 Brumaire V (25 Oct. 1796), A.N., 220 AP3.

87 Hardouin to Fréron, 4 and 7 Nivôse IV (25 and 28 Dec. 1796), A.N., BB18 176.

88 Willot to minister of war, 4 Brumaire V (25 Oct. 1796), A.N., 220 AP3; republicans of Avignon to the French people, 24 Floréal V (13 May 1797), A.N., F7 7233; procès verbal of Liégard, early Pluviose V (late Jan. 1797), A.N., BB18 180.

89 Moniteur universel. 9 Vendémiaire VI (30 Sept. 1797); minister of justice to Directory (no date), A.N., BB18 180.

90 Procès verbal of cantonal commissaire of Lambesc, 25 Fructidor V (11 Sept. 1797), A.N., BB18182.

91 St Hilaire to minister of justice, 19 Frimaire VIII (10 Dec. 1799), A.N., BB18 185.

92 Cadet to minister of police, 6 Vendemiaire V (27 Sept. 1797), A.N., BB18 179.

93 Willot order, 12 Fructidor IV (29 Aug. 1796), A.N., 220 AP4; report to minister of justice (no date), A.N., BB18 179.

94 Commissaire of central bureau of Marseilles to minister of interior, 10 Vendémiaire V (I Oct. 1796), A.N., F7 7259.

95 Minister of war to all civil and military authorities, 25 Germinal IV (14 Apr. 1796), A.N., AFIII 151b.

96 Law of 10 July 1791, section I, article 10.

97 Reports of Chateauvieux and Jourdan, 10 and 25 Thermidor V (28 July and 12 Aug. 1797), A.N., ADXVIIIC 461.

98 Minister of interior to Fréron, 19 Frimaire IV (10 Dec. 1795), A.N., F7 36594.

99 Motion of Mayeuvre, 6 Thermidor V (24 July 1797), and reports of Chateauvieux and Jourdan, A.N., ADXVIIIC 461.

100 Puget-Barbantane to central administration, 12 Prairial IV (31 May 1796), A.D.Ve L 342.

101 Minister of justice to Moynat d'Auxon, Germinal V (Mar./Apr. 1797), A.N., F7 3693.

102 Minister of justice to directeur du jury of Aix, 25 Nivôse VI (14 Jan. 1798), A.N., BB18 182.

103 Minister of justice to Lecourt-Villière and to municipality of Avignon, 5 Brumaire VII (26 Oct. 1798), A.N., BB18 892; minister of police to Sahuguet (no date), A.N., F7 7270; commissaire of correctional court of Marseilles to minister of justice, 13 Pluviôse V (I Feb. 1797), A.N., BB18 180; minister of interior to minister of police, 13 Frimaire VII (3 Dec. 1798), A.N., F7 3694; minister of justice to justice of the peace of St Tropez, 17 Prairial V (5 June 1797), A.N., BB18 880; minister of war to minister of interior, 18 Nivôse VII (7 Jan. 1799), A.N., FIbII Vaucluse II.

104 Commissaire central of Vaucluse to minister of interior, Nivôse VIII (Dec. 1799/Jan. 1800), A.N., F9 47.

105 Gérard, R., Un journal de province sous la révolution: ‘le Journal de Marseille’ de Ferréol Beaugéard, 1781–1797 (Paris, 1964), pp. 271–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

106 Municipality of Pertuis to central administration, 3 Floréal VI (22 Apr. 1798), A.D.Ve L 219.

107 Constitution of the year III, article 290.

108 Michon, G., ‘La justice militaire sous la révolution’, Annales révolutionnaires, XIV (1922), 100–2, 127–9, 200–4Google Scholar.

109 Justice of the peace of Toulon (eastern division) to minister of justice, 19 Prairial V (7 June 1797), A.N., BB18 879; minister of justice to prefect of Alpes-Maritimes, 3 Prairial IX (23 May 1801), A.N., BB18 117; directeur du jury of Nice to capitaine-rapporteur, 27 Thermidor V (14 Aug. 1797), A.N., BB18 115; captain of gendarmerie of Bouches-du-Rhône to directeur dujury of Aix, 16 Floréal IV (5 May 1796), A.N., BB18 176.

110 Minister of justice to Froissart, 24 Messidor V (12 July 1797) and 12 Thermidor V (30 July 1797), A.N., BB18 876; Sutherland, , France 1789–1815, p. 304Google Scholar.

111 Capitaine-rapporteur to minister of justice (no date), A.N., BB18 187.

112 Gamier to minister of justice, 13 Nivôse VII (2 Jan. 1799), A.N., BB18 115.

113 Capitaine-rapporteur to public prosecutor of Alpes-Maritimes, 3 Frimaire VIII (24 Nov. 1799), A.N., BB18 116.

114 Minister of justice to president of military commission at Toulon, 4 Ventôse VI (22 Feb. 1798), A.N., BB18 880.

115 Pierre, V., Les émigrés et les commissions militaires après fructidor (Paris, 1884)Google Scholar, last sentence.

116 Minister of interior to central administration of Vaucluse, 9 Vendémiaire VIII (1 Oct. 1799), A.N., F11 411.

117 Commissairt central to minister of war, 27 Fructidor VI (13 Sept. 1798), A.D.V., L 168*.

118 Municipality to commander of Avignon, 28 Fructidor IV (14 Sept. 1798), A.C.A., 3D 16*; arrêtés of central administration, 3, 13 and 14 Nivôse VIII (24 Dec. 1799, 3 and 4 Jan. 1800), A.D.B., L 95*.

119 Municipality to commander of Toulon, 3 Prairial VI (22 May 1798), Archives communales de Toulon (A.C.T.), DIII II.

120 Central administration to minister of war, 6 Ventôse VI (24 Feb. 1798), A.D.V., L 736*; Pascalis to municipality of Tarascon, 29 Frimaire VIII (20 Dec. 1799), B.M., MS 1618 (1483).

121 Commissaire ordonnatcur to central administration, 22 Nivôse IV (12 Jan. 1796), A.D.Ve L 344.

122 Central administration to minister of war, 23 Frimaire V (13 Dec. 1796), A.D.Ve, L 168*.

123 Championnet to central administration, 6 Thermidor VII (24 July 1799), A.D.Ve, L 342; central administration to minister of war, 13 Vendemiaire VIII (5 Oct. 1799), A.D.B., L 172*.

124 Minister of war to central administrations and commissaires centrals 5 Floréal VII (24 Apr. 1799), A.D.B., L 428; central administration to municipalities (no date), A.D.Ve, L 185*.

125 Central administration to deputies of Vaucluse, 26 Vendémiaire VII (17 Oct. 1798), A.D.Ve, L 168.

126 Law of 10 July 1791, section III, articles 23–8.

127 Dugua to minister of war, 23 Floréal VI (12 May 1798), A.G., B3 282*.

128 Martinet, G., ‘La vie politique à Marseille en 1795 et en 1796: lettres inédites du journaliste Ferréol Beauregard à Paul Cadroy, membre du conseil des cinq-cent’, Provence historique, XVI (1966), 150Google Scholar.

129 Barrié to minister of war, 4 Thermidor VI (22 July 1798), A.G., G B 1276/2.

130 Report to minister of war, Pluviose VIII (Jan./Feb. 1800), A.G., GB 632/2.

131 For complex evidence concerning appointments and removals, including a survey of ministerial dossiers on dozens of officers, see my unpublished D. Phil, dissertation, pp. 87–101.

132 Sutherland, , France 1798–1815, pp. 275–7Google Scholar.

133 Note to committee of public safety, 29 Vendémiaire IV (21 Oct. 1795), A.G., M F 9/2.

134 Minister of justice to Directory, 12 Frimaire IV (3 Dec. 1795), A.N., BB18 186.

135 Sutherland, , France 1789–1815, pp. 295–8Google Scholar; Moniteur universel, 24 and 25 Thermidor IV (11 and 12 Aug. 1796).

136 For large amount of material on Willot see my unpublished D. Phil, dissertation, pp. 93–4, 154–68.

137 Sutherland, , France 1789–1815, pp. 302–5Google Scholar.

138 See my unpublished D. Phil, dissertation, pp. 89, 94–9.

139 Ibid. pp. 100–1.

140 Guérimand to minister of war, 6 Vendémiaire VI (27 Sept. 1797), A.G., dossier on chef it batatillon Guérimand (unclassified).

141 Minister of war to first consul, Frimaire VIII (Nov./Dec. 1799), A.G., dossier on chef de brigade Dalen (unclassified).

142 Tisson to minister of justice, Ventôse VI (Feb./Mar. 1798), A.N., BB18 889.

143 For military patriotisme see my unpublished D. Phil, dissertation, pp. 175–85.

144 Mémoires du lieutenant-général Puget-Barbantane publiés par lui-même (Paris, 1827), p. 151Google Scholar.

145 Observateur du Midi, 28 Messidor IV (16 July 1796); Courrier de l' armée d'ltalic, 10 Frimaire VI (30 Nov. 1797).

146 See his Mémoires.

147 For right-wingers see my unpublished D. Phil, dissertation, pp. 154–75.

148 Speech of president of municipality and directeur du jury of Aries, 9 Thermidor V (27 July 1797), A.N., BB18 182.

149 For example, Adjutant-general Hardouin, commanding Aries in the year IV (A.N.F7 7090, d. 40).

150 Municipality to commissairc central of Var, 27 Pluviôse V (15 Feb. 1797), A.C.T., DIII II.

151 For some of his numerous letters see A.N., F7 7229.

152 Michel, A. (ed.), Correspondence inédite de Mallet du Pan avec la cour de Vienne, 1794–1798 (2 vols., Paris, 1884), II, 277Google Scholar.

153 Mémoires du lieutenant-général Puget-Barbantane, pp. 150, 152–3, 154, 155–6.

154 Courrier de l' armée d'Italic, 12 Fructidor V (29 Aug. 1797).

155 Cadet to minister of police, 10 Thermidor V (28 July 1797), A.N., F7 7276; municipality of Toulon to minister of justice, 17 Messidor V (5 July 1797), A.N., BB18 880.

156 Republicans of Avignon to Directory, 30 Prairial V (18 June 1797), A.N., F7 7254; Gaffarel, P., ‘Les Bonapartes à Marseille’, Révolution française, LXII (1912), 309–10Google Scholar.

157 S. Curet to minister of police, 20 Pluviose V (8 Feb. 1797), A.N., F7 7164.

158 Central administration to Bonaparte, 17 Thermidor V (4 Aug. 1797), A.D.Ve, L 170*.

159 Cadet to minister of police, 13 Floréal V (2 May 1797), A.N., F7 7197.

160 Commissaire central to minister of police, 14 Thermidor VII (1 Aug. 1799), A.D.B., L 248*.