Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T16:34:01.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

YOUTH, MANHOOD, POLITICAL AUTHORITY, AND THE IMPEACHMENT OF THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2014

GREG KOABEL*
Affiliation:
Nottingham-Trent University
*
109 Sonmore Dr, Toronto, Canada, M1S 1X5[email protected]

Abstract

This article examines the attempted impeachment of the duke of Buckingham by parliament in 1626 through the lens of manhood, and specifically early modern definitions of youth. The parliamentary speeches of Buckingham's accusers and the reports of observers such as the Venetian ambassador are used to demonstrate how youth and inexperience were deployed as evidence of his insufficient manhood, and therefore legal justifications for Buckingham's removal from power. The attributes of youth – wilfulness, rashness, and being a prisoner to one's passions – provided a narrative in which Buckingham could be placed to discredit his political authority. Additionally, through personal correspondence with his allies, and Buckingham's own defence of himself before parliament, this article demonstrates that definitions of youth and its relationship with political authority were malleable in the early modern period. Buckingham's impassioned defence of both his political career, and himself as a man, point to an ongoing negotiation over the terms of manhood, and how men were judged as figures of legitimate political authority.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 John Eliot, 10 May 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ed. W. B. Bidwell (4 vols., New Haven, CT, 1992), iii, pp. 220–4.

2 Lockyer, Roger, Buckingham: the life and political career of George Villiers, first duke of Buckingham, 1592–1628 (London, 1981), pp. 76Google Scholar, 231.

3 Kishlansky, Mark, A monarchy transformed: Britain, 1603–1714 (London, 1996), pp. 96–7Google Scholar.

4 Treadwell, Victor, Buckingham and Ireland, 1616–1628 (Dublin, 1998), p. 148Google Scholar.

5 Ibid., p. 148.

6 Bellany, Alastair, ‘The brightness of the noble lieutenant's action: an intellectual ponders Buckingham's assassination’, English Historical Review, 118 (2003), pp. 1243CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Holstun, James, Ehud's dagger: class struggle in the English revolution (London, 2000), p. 145Google Scholar.

8 O’Callaghan, Michelle, The shepheards nation (Oxford, 2000), p. 234CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 Hughes, Ann, Gender and the English revolution (London, 2011), p. 118Google Scholar.

10 O’Callaghan, The shepheards nation, p. 234.

11 Bellany, Alastair, ‘Raylinge rymes and vaunting verse: libellous politics in early Stuart England’, in Sharpe, Kevin, ed., Culture and politics in early Stuart England (London, 1994), p. 304Google Scholar.

12 Withington, Phil, The politics of commonwealth (Cambridge, 2005), p. 266CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Peltonen, Markku, Rhetoric, politics and popularity in pre-revolutionary England (Cambridge, 2013), p. 187Google Scholar.

14 Lockyer, Buckingham, pp. 16–19.

15 Calendar of state papers: Venetian, ed. A. B. Hinds (38 vols., London, 1864–1947), xv, pp. 93–4.

16 D'Ewes, Simonds, Autobiography, ed. J. O. Halliwell (2 vols., London, 1845), i, p. 388Google Scholar.

17 Shepard, Alexandra, Meanings of manhood in early modern England (Oxford, 2003), p. 54Google Scholar.

18 Fisher, Will, Materializing gender in early modern English literature and culture (Cambridge, 2006), p. 87Google Scholar.

19 Chamberlain, John, The letters of John Chamberlain, ed. Norman Egbert McClure (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1939), ii, p. 383Google Scholar.

20 Fletcher, Anthony, Gender, sex and subordination: England, 1500–1800 (New Haven, CT, 1995), p. 87Google Scholar.

21 Ibid., p. 92.

22 Shepard, Meanings of manhood in early modern England, p. 24.

23 Reinke-Williams, Tim, ‘Misogyny, jest-books and male youth culture in seventeenth-century England’, Gender and History, 21 (2009), p. 326CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24 Fisher, Materializing gender, p. 109.

25 Amussen, Susan, An ordered society (New York, NY, 1988), pp. 54–5Google Scholar.

26 Buckingham, 8 June 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, i, p. 577.

27 Ibid., p. 577.

28 John Strangways, 22 Mar. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, p. 345.

29 John Eliot, 24 Mar. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, p. 359.

30 Bray, Alan, The friend (Chicago, IL, 2003), p. 190Google Scholar.

31 Bellany, ‘Raylinge rymes and vaunting verse: libellous politics in early Stuart England’, pp. 285–310. Bellany, Alastair, ‘The embarrassment of libels: perceptions and representations of verse libeling in early Stuart England’, in Lake, Peter and Pincus, Steven, eds., The politics of the public sphere in early modern England (Manchester, 2007), pp. 144–67Google Scholar.

32 McRae, Andrew, Literature, satire and the early Stuart state (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 7582CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Early Stuart libels: an edition of poetry from manuscript sources', ed. Alastair Bellany and Andrew McRae, Early Modern Literary Studies Text Series i (2005), http://purl.oclc.org/emls/texts/libels/, L8.

34 Ibid., L8.

35 Ibid., L7.

36 McRae, Literature, satire and the early Stuart state, pp. 31–2.

37 For a detailed assessment of the context of the opening of parliament in 1626, see Cogswell, Thomas, ‘Foreign policy and parliament: the case of La Rochelle, 1625–1626’, English Historical Review, 99 (1984), pp. 241–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Hirst, Derek, Authority and conflict: England, 1603–1658 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 143–4Google Scholar.

39 Ball, J. N., ‘Sir John Eliot and parliament, 1624–1629’, in Sharpe, Kevin, ed., Politics and ideas in early Stuart England (London, 1989), p. 179Google Scholar.

40 Lockyer, Buckingham, pp. 284–5.

41 Edward Kirton, 16 Feb. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, p. 56.

42 Cogswell, ‘Foreign policy and parliament: the case of La Rochelle, 1625–1626’, p. 250.

43 Ibid., p. 250.

44 William Coryton, 28 Feb. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, p. 150.

45 John Haynes, 28 Feb. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, pp. 153, 155.

46 Calendar of state papers: Venetian, xviii, p. 63.

47 Robert Harley, 28 Feb. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, pp. 150, 155.

48 Dudley Digges, 28 Feb. 1626, ibid., p. 153.

49 J. S. A. Adamson, ‘Chivalry and political culture in Caroline England’, in Sharpe, ed., Culture and politics in early Stuart England, p. 169.

50 Young, Michael, James VI and I and the history of homosexuality (London, 2000), p. 89Google Scholar.

51 O'Callaghan, The shepheards nation, p. 189.

52 Gouge, William, The dignitie of chivalry (London, 1626) p. 20Google Scholar.

53 Kevin Sharpe, ‘The earl of Arundel, his circle and the opposition to the duke of Buckingham 1618–1628', in Sharpe, ed., Politics and ideas in early Stuart England, p. 205.

54 John Savile, 10 Mar. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, p. 249.

55 Lockyer, Buckingham, p. 313.

56 Dr Turner, 11 Mar. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, pp. 261–2.

57 William Walter, 20 Mar. 1626, ibid., pp. 324–5.

58 Ibid., pp. 324–5.

59 Ibid., pp. 324–5.

60 Ibid., pp. 324–5.

61 Dudley Digges, 2 May 1626, ibid., iii, p. 132.

62 Edward Herbert, 8 May 1626, ibid., i, p. 464.

63 William Walter, 20 Mar. 1626, ibid., iv, p. 194.

64 Edward Herbert, 8 May,1626, ibid., iii, p. 192.

65 Ibid., p. 192.

66 Speech delivered, or prepared for delivery, in the House of Commons, 20 Mar. 1626, The National Archives (TNA), state papers 16/23 fo. 55.

67 Ibid., fo. 55.

68 Buckingham, 30 Mar. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, pp. 401–409.

69 Robert Mansell, 24 Feb. 1626, ibid., p. 121.

70 Buckingham, 30 Mar. 1626, ibid., p. 408.

71 Lockyer, Buckingham, p. 50.

72 HMC report on the manuscripts of the marquess of Downshire, ed. Sonia P. Anderson (6 vols., London, 1995), iv, pp. 530–1.

73 Lockyer, Buckingham, p. 50.

74 Buckingham, 30 Mar. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, ii, p. 409.

75 Buckingham, 8 June 1626, ibid., i, p. 568.

76 Rous, John, Diary of John Rous (London, 1856), p. 4Google Scholar.

77 Calendar of state papers: Venetian, xix, p. 415.

78 Edward Conway to Buckingham, 12 Mar. 1626, TNA, state papers 16/523 fo. 75.

79 Ibid., fo. 75.

80 Conway to Buckingham, 12 Mar. 1626, TNA state papers 16/523 fo. 75.

81 Richard Cust, ‘The public man in late Tudor and early Stuart England’, in Lake and Pincus, eds., The politics of the public sphere in early modern England, pp. 117–21.

82 Withington, Phil, ‘Two renaissances: urban political culture in post-reformation England reconsidered’, Historical Journal, 44 (2001), p. 249CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

83 Dr Meddus to Joseph Mead, 9 June 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, iv, p. 291.

84 Buckingham, 2, 4, and 6 Mar. 1626, ibid., i, pp. 92–3, 108, 111–12.

85 Peltonen, Rhetoric, politics and popularity in pre-revolution England, p. 202.

86 Calendar of state papers: Venetian, xix, p. 406.

87 Ibid., p. 415.

88 Earl of Bristol, 6 May 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, iv, p. 156.

89 Ibid., p. 158.

90 Ibid., p. 168.

91 Anonymous letter to Martin Calthropp, 9 May 1626, ibid., p. 257.

92 Calendar of state papers: Venetian, xix, p. 429.

93 Buckingham, 8 May 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, i, p. 378.

94 Ibid., i, pp. 399–400.

95 Calendar of state papers: Venetian, xix, p. 425.

96 Joseph Mead to Martin Stuteville, 29 Apr. 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, iv, p. 281.

97 Anonymous diary of public events, ibid., p. 342.

98 Presentations of charges 8 and 10 May 1626, ibid., i, pp. 464–72.

99 Humphrey May, 28 Apr. 1626, ibid., iii, p. 91.

100 John Eliot, 10 May 1626, ibid., p. 224.

101 Ibid., pp. 220–4.

102 Ibid., pp. 220–4.

103 Ibid., p. 289.

104 Ibid., i, p. 462.

105 Ibid., iii, pp. 220–4.

106 ‘Early Stuart libels’, Pi22.

107 Dudley Carleton, 12 May 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, iii, p. 240.

108 Ibid., p. 237.

109 Ibid., p. 288.

110 Dr Meddus to Joseph Mead, 19 May 1626, ibid., iv, p. 286.

111 John Eliot, 20 May 1626, ibid., iii, p. 289.

112 Dr Meddus to Joseph Mead, 12 May 1626, ibid., iv, p. 284.

113 Lockyer, Buckingham, p. 322.

114 Buckingham, 8 June 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, i, p. 564.

115 Cust, ‘The public man ’, pp. 116–43.

116 Withington, ‘Two renaissances’, pp. 248–50.

117 Ibid., pp. 248–250; Peltonen, Rhetoric, politics and popularity in pre-revolution England, p. 202.

118 ‘Early Stuart libels’, L8.

119 For analysis of the Rhe newsbooks as an exercise in public image management, see Cogswell, Thomas, ‘Published by authoritie: newsbooks and the duke of Buckingham's expedition to the Ile de Re’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 67 (2004), p. 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

120 D'Ewes, Autobiography, i, pp. 364–5.

121 John Eliot, 10 May 1626, Proceedings in parliament 1626, iii, pp. 220–4.