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⁶ It is now conventional for political historians to treat ideas and attitudes as meaningful objects of inquiry in themselves, but work on the ‘intellectual’ contexts of modern British politics was pioneered by historians who wanted to explain more concrete varieties of political change. See Parry, J. P., ‘The state of Victorian political history’, Historical Journal, 26 (1983), pp. 469–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. pp. 470–2; Bentley, Michael, ‘Party, doctrine, and thought’, in Bentley, Michael and Stevenson, John, eds., High and low politics in modern Britain (Oxford, 1983), pp. 123–53Google Scholar; Ghosh, Peter, ‘Towards the verdict of history: Mr Cowling's doctrine’, in Bentley, Michael, ed., Public and private doctrine: essays in British history presented to Maurice Cowling (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 273–321Google Scholar, esp. p. 306.

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¹²⁵ Innes, Joanna and Philp, Mark, eds., Re-imagining democracy in the age of revolutions: America, France, Britain, Ireland, 1750–1850 (Oxford, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; MacKenzie, John M., European empires and the people: popular responses to imperialism in France, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Italy (Manchester, 2011)Google Scholar; Steinmetz, ed., The force of comparison; Velde, Henk te, ‘Democracy and the strange death of mixed government in the nineteenth century: Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands’, in Kurunmäki, Jussi, Nevers, Jeppe, and te Velde, Henk, eds., Democracy in modern Europe: a conceptual history (New York, NY, 2018), pp. 42–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.