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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
The general view still prevails that the French bishops performed badly in the elections held to the estates-general in the spring of 1789. The final figure of only 49 bishops going to Versailles amid a horde of curés tends to be treated by historians as a clear demonstration of the new power of the lower clergy, confirming the view of the episcopal corps as aristocratic, out of touch, and unprepared for an electoral contest on a level of equality with the parish clergy. Prestigious casualties like Rohan-Guémenée at Cambrai, Mont-morency-Laval at Metz, Marbeuf at Lyon, and Dillon at Narbonne have attracted much notice, but they are really the exceptions. Closer examination indicates that the majority of prelates in fact put up a spirited performance, faced with Necker's electoral règlement of 24 January 1789 – arrangements weighted deliberately in favour of the curés.
1 For a conventional account of conflicts among clergy in the electoral assemblies of 1789 see Vovelle, M., translated Burke, Susan, The fall of the French monarchy 1787–1792 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 97, 98Google Scholar. Cf . Goodwin, A., The French revolution (4th edn, London, 1966), p. 48Google Scholar; Doyle, W., The origins of the French revolution (Oxford, 1980), p. 151Google Scholar.
2 They prove to be readily explicable. Rohan-Guémenée seldom left Paris for his diocese, Cardinal Montmorency-Laval was notoriously stand-offish towards the curés of Metz, Marbeuf disdained a journey to Lyon, taking his election for granted, and Dillon was a victim of personal bankruptcy and the popular campaign against the Languedoc estates. See Aston, N. R., ‘The politics of the French episcopate, 1786–1791’ (unpublished D.Phil, dissertation, University of Oxford, 1985), pp. 23, 190, 178–9, 229–30, 238–40Google Scholar.
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4 See letter of the defeated bishop of Metz to Necker, 20 April 1789, claiming a prescriptive right to a place according to grants made by Henri III to the Cardinal, of Lorraine, , Brette, , Recueil, I, lvGoogle Scholar.
5 Marbeuf had been criticized earlier for not forcefully representing the interests of senior bishops to the king and ministers. Journal de tabbé Vert (unpublished) 1785, quoted byGoogle ScholarHardman, J., ‘Ministerial politics from the accession of Louis XVI to the assembly of Notables, 1774–1787’ (unpublished D.Phil, dissertation, University of Oxford, 1972), pp. 85–6Google Scholar.
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7 As at Rouen. See Loth, J. & Verger, Charles (eds.), Memoires de Vabbé Boston, chanoine de Rouen (3 vols., Paris, 1897), I, 308Google Scholar.
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9 Distinction between the two categories is discussed in Brette, , Recueil, I, xxxiii–xxxixGoogle Scholar; Brette, A., Les Limites et les divisions territoriales de la France en 1789 (Paris, 1907), pp. 115–20Google Scholar. There were 130 bishoprics as compared to 176 bailliages; fifty-seven diocesan seats of the 130 were not designated as the principal town of their bailliage. Peronnet, M., Les Evêques de l'ancienne France (2 vols., Paris, 1977), II, 1150Google Scholar, estimates that ‘Le systéme électorate éliminait, mécaniquement peut-on dire, une quinzaine d'évêques de la députation’.
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15 Ibid. I, 297–9. Bishop Noé of Lescar was elected in May 1789 by the estates of Béam, but he arrived only after the formation of the national assembly, which he refused to recognize. Ibid. 1, 486; IV, 216; Desplat, Christian, ‘Les Etats de Béam et la définition de la souveraineté béarnaise à l'époque moderne’, Parliaments, estates and representation, III (1983), 89–99, at 98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
16 Ibid. I, 212–14; Delannoy, , La Convocation, pp. 103–5Google Scholar. In Navarre, still nursing its traditions of independency, there was a general reluctance to elect to such a ‘French’ institution as the estates-general. Elections took place very late, and Bishop de Villevieille of Bayonne was chosen one of four deputies by direct election from the local Estates. Hanistoy, Abbé, Les Paroisses du pays basque pndant la période révolutionnaire (2 vols., Pau, 1895–1898), I, 42–3Google Scholar; Dubarat, V. and Daranatz, J. B., Recherches historiques sur la ville de Bayonne (3 vols., Bayonne, 1910–1930), I, 299–302, III, 1356–7Google Scholar; Brette, , Recueil, I, 486Google Scholar.
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23 Alet, Apt, Bayeux, Carcassonne, Evreux, Fréjus, Lavaur, Lisieux, Lodève, Meaux, Mirepoix, Lyon, Noyon, Sarlat, Sées, Sisteron, Soissons, Riez, Saint-Claude, Saint-Dié, Vence. Cf. Peronnet, , Les Évêques, II, 1152–53Google Scholar.
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